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Nature:烟、酒致癌又一实锤!科学家在亚洲人群中证实,吸烟、喝酒会大大加速正常食道细胞致癌突变的积累

2019-01-17 奇点糕 奇点网

2019年1月3日,日本京都大学的Seishi Ogawa团队针对更大规模人群的研究证实,随着年纪的增长,正常食管细胞会积累越来越多的癌症突变。一些带有癌症突变的正常细胞在很早的时候便开始形成克隆,推动癌症的发生。

2018年年初,北京大学对45万中国人进行的流行病学调查指出,有抽烟、喝酒、喝烫茶习惯的人,患食管癌的风险飙升了5倍以上。

2018年10月,《科学》发表的上一项针对小规模人群(9人)的研究又发现,当人到中年时,健康人的食管中超过一半的细胞携带有癌症相关的突变,而吸烟者的突变数量又远远超过同龄人。

2019年1月3日,日本京都大学的Seishi Ogawa团队针对更大规模人群的研究证实,随着年纪的增长,正常食管细胞会积累越来越多的癌症突变。一些带有癌症突变的正常细胞在很早的时候便开始形成克隆,推动癌症的发生。

并且,他们还证实吸烟、喝酒等生活习惯会大大加速致癌突变的积累。这项研究可以说是板上定钉地证明了吸烟、喝酒会致癌。相关论文发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》上。

Seishi Ogawa教授

大家都知道,癌症是由基因突变引起的慢性病,致癌突变在细胞中不停地积累,当达到临界点时,正常细胞便会变成癌细胞。积累突变所需要的时间很长,所以癌症多发于老年人中。

携带致癌突变的细胞会一代代分裂、扩大,从而形成一个个独立的克隆。这些克隆不停积累新的突变,最终变成癌细胞,这就是癌细胞克隆的进化。在癌细胞克隆进化的过程中,有些基因突变发挥了关键作用,例如大家熟悉的p53突变,称之为癌症驱动突变。这些突变像癌症的引擎一样,驱动癌症的发生。

癌细胞克隆的进化横跨了整个生命过程,从幼儿早期到了生命的终点。但是人们对于这个进化的过程却非常不清楚,尤其是对于外界环境(如吸烟、喝酒等)到底在癌症进化中发挥了怎样的作用,还知之甚少。

这使得我们缺乏足够的证据来规避致癌因素,也让很多人心存侥幸,并喜欢拿各种借口来为烟、酒辩护。

为此,Seishi Ogawa团队对亚洲人中非常常见的食管鳞癌(ESCC)进行了详细研究,揭示了致癌突变在食管细胞中的积累过程,并分析了生活习惯(吸烟、喝酒)对癌症的影响。

他们招募了139名志愿者,其中93名患有食管鳞癌,2名食管高度不典型增生,还有44名健康人。其中有95名志愿者有重度饮酒或重度吸烟的习惯。

在这些志愿者食管的不同位置进行穿刺取样,取的是生理正常的食管上皮细胞组织(PNE),每次取样0.2平方毫米大小,进行全外显子测序。然后根据志愿者的年龄和生活习惯进行分组,比较测序结果。生活习惯的划分方式是否具有食管鳞癌风险,如吸烟、喝酒。

经分析发现,所有来自食管鳞癌患者的正常上皮组织都带有致癌突变。也就是说,这些癌症患者的正常组织中已经出现大量致癌突变了,而这些人中绝大部分都有长时间吸烟喝酒的历史。

穿刺取样的工具,看起来好瘆人......

研究人员对这些突变进行了比较,发现由不同因素造成的突变会形成不一样的信号。例如,在有吸烟、喝酒习惯的人中,其基因上突变会呈现一种独特的模式,研究者们将之命名为信号A。

无论是在正常上皮组织中,还是ESCC癌变组织中,只要是有吸烟、喝酒史的人,信号A都有明显的富集。而没有吸烟、喝酒史的人,信号A就弱得多了。

随后,他们又对部分样本进行了全基因组测序,并根据患者的年龄计算了突变积累的速率,发现在没有吸烟、喝酒史的人中,每个细胞的基因组水平上,平均每年会积累41.5个突变,外显子中会积累0.53个突变。

而对于有吸烟、喝酒史的人来说,基因组水平上平均每年会增加51.9个突变,外显子中则会增加0.81个突变。吸烟、喝酒使得外显子中突变积累的速度提高了49%。

外显子中突变积累的速率

不仅如此,进一步的分析还发现吸烟、喝酒会增加癌症驱动突变的频率。

有吸烟、喝酒史的人中,97%(62/64)的正常上皮组织样本都带有一个或更多的癌症驱动突变。而生活方式健康的人,出现癌症驱动突变的频率就小得多,为74%(69/93)。

其中被吸烟、喝酒影响的癌症驱动突变包括:NOTCH1突变,PPM1D突变, EP300突变, TP53突变和NOTCH2突变等。这些突变在各类癌症中非常常见。

此外,研究者还发现,吸烟、喝酒会增加携带癌症驱动突变的细胞的数量。

对样本中突变细胞的比例进行计算,发现有吸烟、喝酒习惯,并且年龄在50岁以上的人中,平均每平方厘米的正常上皮组织中带有7.5-103.5个癌症驱动突变,而不吸烟、喝酒,并且年龄在50岁以下的人,平均每平方厘米的正常上皮组织中则只有0-18.3个癌症驱动突变。

因为多个癌症驱动突变出现在同一个细胞里的概率极低,所以癌症驱动突变的数量可以代表携带癌症驱动突变的细胞的数量。因此,可以说吸烟、喝酒增加了携带癌症驱动突变的细胞的数量。

这项研究从基因突变的数量、突变的严重性(癌症驱动突变)以及携带癌症驱动突变的细胞数量三个方面,无可辩驳地证明了吸烟、喝酒会明显增加食管鳞癌的发病风险,并且这个风险会随着年龄的增加而迅速积累。

如果你觉得光一个食管癌还不够震撼的话,我们还可以提供更多吸烟、喝酒有害的证据,包括:

吸烟会大幅增加血管疾病风险,增加肺癌风险,并能影响后代智力发育,甚至二手烟、三手烟也会损害身边人的健康等等。

喝酒伤害身体的证据也如铁一般坚实,喝酒会给干细胞造成永久伤害,减少寿命(一杯酒少活18分钟),并且对2800万人的调查还显示:适量饮酒也丝毫不有益于健康。

春节将近,又到了亲朋好友聚会的日子,递烟、劝酒等习俗也即将在各地上演。

我们并不想扫大家的兴,但是事关他人的健康,在这里奇点糕还是要不厌其烦地说一句:吸烟、喝酒对健康百害而无一利,不要害己又害人!

生命的诞生本来就是自然界的奇迹,尤其是进化成像人类这样由数十万亿细胞构成的高级智慧生命,更是宇宙中绝无仅有的奇迹。这数十万亿细胞要有条不紊地进行分裂和分化,并且每隔一段时间就要进行新老交替,让生命延续几十甚至上百年,发生意外是不可避免的。

其实我们一直在悬崖边上行驶,如果再喝酒“醉”驾,吸烟麻痹神经,那只能说是嫌自己冲下悬崖的速度不够快。

原始出处:Akira Yokoyama, Nobuyuki Kakiuchi, Tetsuichi Yoshizato, et al. Age-related remodelling of oesophageal epithelia by mutated cancer drivers. Nature. 02 January 2019

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    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1000558, encodeId=1a8410005583b, content=不谈剂量的伤害,各抒己见,有益与有害?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d3815220226, createdName=1477ab07m21暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jul 18 11:26:18 CST 2021, time=2021-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1821056, encodeId=2a191821056cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=342e10116257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食道细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101162, encryptionId=342e10116257, topicName=食道细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqcyT7aQIuoYGGYr889lEiaOVWSfvMQ4d2oxhTMlWzEr6lPmg6pxzCVvPScSZrne4JFSyyPRCOxllQ/132, createdBy=416a2500064, createdName=ms3323097325231039, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 10:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2065920, encodeId=fb8b206592063, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6474865145d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86514, encryptionId=6474865145d, topicName=致癌突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dcaa509, createdName=tsing_hit, createdTime=Fri Nov 15 23:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1883546, encodeId=44661883546bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Apr 29 06:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370969, encodeId=c70c13e096919, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 14:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1519827, encodeId=2e9e151982e31, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=506b401e129' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喝酒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40171, encryptionId=506b401e129, topicName=喝酒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cc8811296196, createdName=ymljack, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 14:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619868, encodeId=ccfe1619868f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f652426921' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#亚洲人群#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24269, encryptionId=1f652426921, topicName=亚洲人群)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 14:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358494, encodeId=f4eb35849478, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/hS7HFnXXnibS5gUOHMUd65m2V5tnLKnnTZzicawicMgmmkWL3iccXX5k4fWbicXsqVF1ZNcwyTvP6tDe9iaE6uZ4FuBA/132, createdBy=dc7b1736699, createdName=zcsglh, createdTime=Fri Jan 18 07:07:29 CST 2019, time=2019-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-29 liye789132251
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    2019-01-19 jambiya
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1000558, encodeId=1a8410005583b, content=不谈剂量的伤害,各抒己见,有益与有害?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d3815220226, createdName=1477ab07m21暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jul 18 11:26:18 CST 2021, time=2021-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1821056, encodeId=2a191821056cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=342e10116257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食道细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101162, encryptionId=342e10116257, topicName=食道细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eqcyT7aQIuoYGGYr889lEiaOVWSfvMQ4d2oxhTMlWzEr6lPmg6pxzCVvPScSZrne4JFSyyPRCOxllQ/132, createdBy=416a2500064, createdName=ms3323097325231039, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 10:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2065920, encodeId=fb8b206592063, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6474865145d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌突变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86514, encryptionId=6474865145d, topicName=致癌突变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dcaa509, createdName=tsing_hit, createdTime=Fri Nov 15 23:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1883546, encodeId=44661883546bb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon Apr 29 06:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370969, encodeId=c70c13e096919, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 14:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1519827, encodeId=2e9e151982e31, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=506b401e129' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喝酒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40171, encryptionId=506b401e129, topicName=喝酒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cc8811296196, createdName=ymljack, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 14:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619868, encodeId=ccfe1619868f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1f652426921' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#亚洲人群#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=24269, encryptionId=1f652426921, topicName=亚洲人群)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sat Jan 19 14:15:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=358494, encodeId=f4eb35849478, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/hS7HFnXXnibS5gUOHMUd65m2V5tnLKnnTZzicawicMgmmkWL3iccXX5k4fWbicXsqVF1ZNcwyTvP6tDe9iaE6uZ4FuBA/132, createdBy=dc7b1736699, createdName=zcsglh, createdTime=Fri Jan 18 07:07:29 CST 2019, time=2019-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-19 ymljack
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    2019-01-18 zcsglh

    学习了

    0

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