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外伤性冠状动脉夹层竟在6年后才被发现 看医生怎样力挽狂澜

2017-11-10 胡大一 马长生 心脏病学实践2013

48岁男性患者,因“活动后胸闷气促3月余” 于2011年12月13日入院。经问诊得知患者6年前胸部被严重挤压但未进一步检查。改善心功能后行冠状动脉造影发现,患者有三支冠状动脉夹层,最终诊断为陈旧性下壁心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病。6年前的外伤是否是造成患者心功能恶化的主因? 3支冠状动脉同时夹层形成该如何治疗?详见以下病例——

48岁男性患者,因“活动后胸闷气促3月余” 于2011年12月13日入院。经问诊得知患者6年前胸部被严重挤压但未进一步检查。改善心功能后行冠状动脉造影发现,患者有三支冠状动脉夹层,最终诊断为陈旧性下壁心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病。6年前的外伤是否是造成患者心功能恶化的主因? 3支冠状动脉同时夹层形成该如何治疗?详见以下病例——

患者近3个月来逐渐出现活动后胸闷气促,步行50m或上一层楼梯即出现症状,休息后缓解,夜间需高枕卧位,伴有足踝部水肿。无发热,无咳嗽咳痰,无胸痛。当地医院“利尿”治疗后水肿消退,但仍感乏力,遂转来本院。

高血压病史20年,最高血压180/100mmHg,不规则服药(珍菊降压片),近年来血压控制在120~130/70~80mm Hg左右。6年前在自家工厂操作时,不慎胸部被严重挤压,发生一过性晕厥,自行苏醒后感胸部疼痛,外敷“伤湿止痛膏”数天后缓解,未进一步检查。否认其他突发胸痛、胸部不适病史;无高脂血症、糖尿病、结缔组织病、关节肿痛病史;无吸烟、饮酒嗜好。

入院查体:P 90次/分,BP 120/70mmHg,精神尚可,体型正常,颈静脉充盈,胸廓无畸形、无压痛,双肺底少许湿性啰音,心界位于左侧第5肋间锁骨中线外0.5cm,心率90次/分,律齐,第一心音低钝,心尖区闻及2/6级收缩期杂音,双下肢无水肿。

入院心电图示窦性心律,Ⅲ、avF导联病理性Q波伴T波倒置;胸前导联R波递增不良,V2~3导联ST段抬高,T波高尖,V5~6导联T波低平浅倒(图3)。Hotter示窦性心律,频发室性期前收缩16 751次,时呈二连律、三连律。心脏超声:左房室扩大伴左室多壁段收缩活动异常,下后壁局部室壁瘤形成(LVEDd 69mm,LVEDs 52mm,L VEF 39%)。总胆固醇:4.12mmol/L;甘油三酯:4.47mmol/L;HDL‐ch:0.98mmol/L;LDL‐ch:1.11mmol/L;CK‐MB:13U/L;CK‐M M:32.0U/L;hs CRP:1.6mg/L;cTnT:0.006ng/ml;N T‐proBNP:130.0pg/ml;FT3:5.6pmol/L;FT4:19.7pmol/L;s‐TSH:5.430μIU/ml。自身免疫抗体和血管炎性疾病相关指标均阴性。全身大中动脉CTA示胸腹主动脉轻度粥样硬化,未见其余血管夹层形成。



经改善心功能后,患者于2011‐12‐29行冠状动脉造影:前降支近中段长病变,发出第一对角支处狭窄70%。前降支远段线性夹层形成,狭窄70%;回旋支近段管壁不规则,远段夹层形成,狭窄80%;右冠状动脉血管扭曲,中段长程螺旋状夹层形成,狭窄80%。左室造影示:下壁及心尖部室壁瘤形成,LVEF20%(图4)。IV US检查证实前降支和回旋支夹层形成;超声导管无法通过右冠状动脉病变处。于前降支远段植入3.0mm×36mm Excel西罗莫司药物洗脱支架,回旋支远段植入3.0mm×24mm Excel西罗莫司药物洗脱支架,复查造影和IV US示支架扩张满意,贴壁良好,边缘无明显夹层,远端TIMI血流3级。建议择期行右冠状动脉介入治疗。



出院诊断:1﹒冠心病:陈旧性下壁心肌梗死,室壁瘤形成,三支冠状动脉夹层形成,PCI术后;2﹒缺血性心肌病、慢性心功能不全(NY H AⅢ级)。予阿司匹林、泰嘉、金络、雅施达、立普妥、安体舒通、欣康、万爽力、速尿、可达龙等治疗,出院半年后再次入院行右冠状动脉支架置入术,时诉症状有所改善,但复查心脏超声未见心脏功能明显改变。

简评:该患者以慢性心力衰竭为主要症状,疾病核心是心肌梗死,而心肌梗死病因首先考虑外伤性冠状动脉夹层。因此推测患者经历了“胸部钝伤→冠状动脉夹层→急性心肌梗死(漏诊)→陈旧性心肌梗死→梗死后心衰”的发展历程。由于6年前外伤性胸痛掩盖了缺血性胸痛症状,患者未能及时就诊,丧失了最佳治疗时机,最终导致心功能持续恶化和心力衰竭的出现。一般胸部钝性外伤后冠状动脉夹层以前降支多见,本例3支冠状动脉同时夹层形成实属罕见。

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