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Cell:这个遗传基因缺陷,让他感染HPV病毒后变成“树人”

2021-07-03 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

2021年7月1日,法国巴黎大学、美国洛克菲勒大学、宾州大学医学院等数十个科研机构的研究人员合作,在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 发表了题为:Humans with inherited T cell C

说到“树人”,你可能想到的是指环王,或者银河护卫队,实际上,这也是一种非常罕见的皮肤病,这种病的患者,四肢会长出树枝或树根一样的角质,看起来非常恐怖。

这种疾病非常罕见,其中最出名的当属印尼男子 Dede Koswara,15岁那年,他遭遇车祸,导致膝盖割伤。之后它的小腿和脚开始长出小疣,并逐渐扩散到手掌乃至全身,四肢长出像树根一样的巨大角质。他曾接受多次手术切除,但又会很快长出。与这种怪病抗争多年之后,他还是在2016年不幸去世了,当时年仅42岁。

直到他去世,也没能搞清楚这种恐怖的怪病具体原因是什么。只知道是由于是由人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染和遗传缺陷共同导致的结果,被感染者免疫系统出现某些缺陷,导致HPV感染后皮肤大量生长多余角质,如同树根一般。这也是HPV感染者如此众多,但“树人”却极其罕见的原因。

2021年7月1日,法国巴黎大学、美国洛克菲勒大学、宾州大学医学院等数十个科研机构的研究人员合作,在国际顶尖学术期刊 Cell 发表了题为:Humans with inherited T cell CD28 deficiency are susceptible to skin papillomaviruses but are otherwise healthy 的研究论文。

该研究揭开了HPV感染导致极少数人成为“树人”的具体原因。研究团队研究了一名HPV-2驱动的“树人”患者,和他的两名亲属,他们患有严重的HPV-4驱动的疣。他们三人均为CD28基因纯和突变。

该研究表明,遗传性CD28基因纯和突变是HPV-2和HPV-4感染并导致严重皮肤病变的基础。HPV-2感染CD28纯和突变者的皮肤后,在表皮基底细胞过度表达HPV癌基因,导致多灶性良性上皮肿瘤,进而形成巨型皮角,最终发展为树人综合征。

三名患者(P1、P2、P3)及他们家族成员的基因型如下图,他们家族成员大多携带杂合CD28突变,而他们三人不幸携带了纯合CD28基因突变。

P1患者30岁,P2患者40岁,P3患者12岁,P3是P2的女儿。P1感染了HPV-2病毒,且表现出严重的树人综合征,手、脚、胳膊等处已经出现严重病变。P2和P2感染了HPV-4病毒,他们只是出现了皮肤疣。

研究团队进一步分析发现,这三名患者由于CD28基因纯合突变,导致其T细胞的CD28依赖性反应消失,导致体液反应中度受损,其中就包括针对 HPV 病毒的体液反应。

研究团队对P1患者进行了全基因组测序分析,发现他体内的HPV-2病毒处于游离状态,并未整合到其基因组中,这或许是病变能够在患者全身扩散的原因。

研究团队还在CD28基因缺陷小鼠中进行试验,发现CD28基因缺陷小鼠更易受到小鼠乳头瘤病毒的皮肤感染。且角质形成细胞对HPV-2和HPV-4的控制,依赖于T细胞的CD28的共激活途径。

研究团队指出,P1患者在HPV-2感染后出现皮肤疣,在十年后表现出树人综合征。而且其他的树人综合征患者,也都呈HPV-2阳性。这说明HPV-2感染引起的皮肤疣具有发展为树人的独特潜力。

此外,研究团队没有在P1患者体内检测到其他基因缺陷,因此,研究团队认为,树人综合征的发生,是由HPV-2感染了T细胞CD28基因缺陷的人所致,当然,也可能其他树人有不同的致病方式。

值得一提的是,这三名患者除了表现出树人症状和皮肤疣之外,其他方面都很正常。这也说明了人类 CD28 依赖性 T 细胞反应对于保护性免疫而言在很大程度上是多余的。

原始出处:

Vivien Béziat, et al. Humans with inherited T cell CD28 deficiency are susceptible to skin papillomaviruses but are otherwise healthy. Cell, 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.004.

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    2021-12-19 维他命
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    2021-07-03 1235de60m66(暂无昵称)

    实用性强好

    0

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