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未诊断甲状腺功能亢进患儿心脏手术术后发生甲状腺危象的围手术期管理1例

2020-04-08 程文莉 王洪武 薛玉良 国际麻醉学与复苏杂志

患儿,男,2岁9个月,患儿因体格检查发现心脏杂音入院。平素多汗,易患肺部感染,无活动、哭闹后口唇青紫,无晕厥、蹲踞症等表现。患儿偏瘦,轻度贫血貌,双肺听诊音清,未闻及明显干、湿啰音,心尖部可闻及2/6

1.病例资料

1.1一般资料

患儿,男,2岁9个月,患儿因体格检查发现心脏杂音入院。平素多汗,易患肺部感染,无活动、哭闹后口唇青紫,无晕厥、蹲踞症等表现。患儿偏瘦,轻度贫血貌,双肺听诊音清,未闻及明显干、湿啰音,心尖部可闻及2/6级收缩期吹风样杂音,腹平软,肝脾肋下未及,双下肢无水肿。ECG检查:窦性心动过速,左室高电压。

超声检查:先天性心脏病二尖瓣脱垂并中大量反流,左房、左室增大,左室射血分数为75%。胸部X线片:左房、左室增大,心胸比0.66。家族史:父母身体健康,无与患儿类似疾病,无家族遗传倾向的疾病。术前诊断:先天性心脏病二尖瓣脱垂并中大量反流。

1.2麻醉前评估

患儿在手术日早晨身高103 cm,体重13.2 kg,心率115/9r,]min,SpO2 100%,血压105 mmHg/60 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),体温36.7℃,Hb 96 g/L,血常规其他项、尿便常规及各项生化指标均在正常范围,出凝血时间、传染病筛查无异常,拟于静脉吸入复合麻醉下行二尖瓣成形术。

1.3麻醉中管理

术晨,患儿在转床区哭闹,与父母分离困难,给予氯胺酮(生产批号:1507294,福建古田药业有限公司)10 mg,阿托品(生产批号:1605041,天津金耀氨基酸有限公司)0.1 mg静脉注射,患儿入睡后接入手术室。

常规建立监测:心率138次/min,血压108 mmHg/55 mmHg,SpO2 100%。麻醉诱导药物:咪达唑仑(生产批号:20160409,江苏恩华药业股份有限公司)0.5 mg,舒芬太尼(生产批号:1160313,宜昌人福药业有限责任公司)10μg,顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵(生产批号:16061017,江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司)3 mg,地塞米松(生产批号:1606242,天津金耀氨基酸有限公司)2 mg。诱导过程顺利,插管顺利,连接呼吸机机械通气。

吸入1.0%~1.5%七氟醚(生产批号:16070731,江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司),静脉持续泵入右美托咪定(生产批号:16011032,江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司)、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵,间断静脉推注舒芬太尼维持麻醉。潮气量150 ml,呼吸频率18次/min,PETCO2 45 mmHg。建立桡动脉血压监测,常规监测鼻咽温、直肠温,麻醉医师穿刺右颈内静脉时触诊,发现甲状腺轻度肿大,穿刺置管过程顺利。摆放体位加深麻醉,血压105 mmHg/58 mmHg,心率145次/min左右,体温37.4℃,患儿PETCO2 仍偏高在45 mmHg左右,间断给予艾司洛尔(生产批号:6F0112C05,齐鲁制药有限公司)0.5 mg/kg静脉推注,控制心率在115次/min左右后,PzrCO:仍持续偏高在40~45 mmHg左右,增加呼吸频率至22次/min,调整PETCO2 至35~40 mmHg,麻醉医师怀疑患儿甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢),留取静脉血监测甲状腺功能(手术结束时甲状腺功能回报结果见表1)。

患儿在浅低CPB下行二尖瓣修复术,CPB阻断52 min,转机78 min。食管超声检查二尖瓣修复满意,止血关胸过程顺利,患儿安返ICU。心率135 7『欠Jmin,Sp02100%,血压105 mmHg/62 mmHg,体温36.5℃。

1.4术后情况

术后2 h 20 min,患儿生命体征平稳,拔除气管插管。夜间患儿出现高热40℃、室上性心动过速心率185次/min,抽搐昏迷,立即行床旁气管插管(术后12 h),静脉应用氢化可的松(生产批号:0l 1604065,天津市生物化学制药厂)25 mg、普萘洛尔(生产批号:H31020146,上海新黄河制药有限公司)10 mg,丙基硫氧嘧啶(生产批号:H32020795,精华制药集团股份有限公司)50 mg鼻饲,同时给予变温水箱、温毛巾擦拭物理降温对症处理,患儿体温及心率逐渐降低,治疗1 h后心率控制在95 次/min左右,体温37℃左右。夜间吗啡20μg·kg-1·h-1、右美托咪定0.5μg·kg-1·h-1持续泵入,充分镇静镇痛,术后23 h患儿清醒,呼吸循环平稳,心率100次/min,SpO2 100%,血压99 mmHg/62 mmHg,体温36.2℃,顺利拔出气管插管,继续甲亢治疗,术后9 d痊愈出院。出院建议继续治疗甲亢,定期复查。

2.讨论

2.1麻醉前评估的重要性

甲亢患儿有家族倾向,家族史阳性率为21.4%。因此,麻醉前询问家族史可能会提供诊断线索。儿童甲亢初发症状不典型、进展缓慢,常呈现情绪不稳定、易激惹、多动和注意力不集中等轻微行为改变,常不被家长重视而延误诊断。先天性心脏病和不典型甲亢患儿都会存在发育迟缓、易激惹、心脏增大、心率快、心律失常等表现。因此,临床工作中更容易忽视甲亢的诊断。甲亢患儿血液系统会有改变,外周血WBC总数偏低,淋巴细胞百分比和绝对值及单核细胞增多,血小板寿命也较短,有时可出现紫癜症,由于消耗增加、营养不良和铁的利用障碍可致贫血。

该患儿术前存在轻度贫血。对于甲状腺肿大的患儿,术前要充分评估气道通畅性及有无气管软化等情况。中重度甲状腺肿大患儿气道受压或存在气管软化,可视喉镜可能是不错的选择。本例患儿术前胸部x线片及评估未发现气道问题。毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(Graves病)眼病发生率在25%左右,麻醉中眼睛保护药(眼药水、润滑剂、眼垫)很重要,特别是对于突眼的患者。

2.2甲亢患儿术中麻醉管理

该患儿术晨哭闹严重,与父母分离困难,静脉注射氯胺酮10 mg、阿托品0.1 mg,入睡后接入术间。氯胺酮和阿托品可以诱发患儿交感神经兴奋,刺激交感神经的药物(如氯胺酮、泮库溴铵、阿托品、麻黄碱、肾上腺素)应避免使用,血管收缩药物(去氧肾上腺素)是治疗术中低血压的首选。

术前用药选择右美托咪定或苯二氮革类药物,让患儿安静入睡后再接入手术室可能是更安全的选择。术中维持足够的麻醉深度,避免过强的交感神经系统的反应是麻醉管理的关键。对于术前控制不佳或漏诊的患者,静脉注射β受体阻滞剂、碘番酸、皮质醇或地塞米松及应用丙基硫氧嘧啶通常都是必要的,给予糖皮质激素可以减少甲状腺激素急速的释放。该患儿麻醉诱导时给予地塞米松可能会减少术中甲状腺激素的释放。

2.3甲状腺危象的诊断及预防

甲状腺危象是指由于应激反应使甲亢的症状突然加重,出现危及生命的状态。通常见于术后6~18 h,临床表现有高热、大汗、心动过速心率>160次/min、呕吐、烦躁、意识障碍、昏迷等为特征的临床综合征。未经诊断甲亢患儿行手术治疗发生甲状腺危象的概率增加,甲状腺危象的病死率高达8%~25%。术中及术后出现甲状腺危象需与恶性高热鉴别诊断,两者都会出现高热、心动过速、高代谢,实际工作中鉴别可能会非常困难。完善的术前评估将有助于提供正确的诊断思路,最终确诊有赖于甲状腺功能的检测。

本例患儿术前漏诊甲亢,麻醉诱导后出现机体高代谢表现,麻醉医师迅速留取血样进行甲状腺功能检测,为术后ICU发生心动过速、昏迷时及时诊断甲状腺危象提供了依据,患儿也在第一时间得到了正确的治疗。

2.4小结

儿童甲亢发病率低,但却是小儿内分泌疾病中最常见的疾病之一,甲状腺危象更是危及生命的严重并发症。因此,麻醉医师对于甲亢患儿应引起足够的重视,从麻醉前评估开始获得更多的诊断线索,对于可疑患儿积极进行实验室检查确诊,应该是规避这类患儿发生甲状腺危象最好的方法。术前漏诊、术中发现异常后急查甲状腺功能,在最短的时间内明确诊断,积极给予抗甲状腺药物治疗,可以最大程度地降低不良事件的发生,保证患儿的安全。

术后充分的镇静和镇痛,减少患儿的恐惧、焦虑、紧张和疼痛的诱因,也可以降低甲状腺危象发生的可能。本病例处理不足之处有两方面:一是实验室检查明确诊断后,对甲状腺危象出现的高风险预判不足,没有迅速开始针对甲亢的积极治疗。有研究报道,因手术大,在强烈的应激状态下行非甲状腺手术的患者仍然发生了甲状腺危象。二是如果在患儿昏迷时收集一个血标本检测甲状腺激素水平就可以更好地指导临床处置。通过从本病例讨论中吸取教训,术前、术中及术后系统评估患者并发现问题,针对可能征相做好预防及早期诊治,从而增加这类患儿麻醉和手术的安全。

原始出处:

程文莉,王洪武,薛玉良.未诊断甲状腺功能亢进患儿心脏手术术后发生甲状腺危象的围手术期管理1例[J].国际麻醉学与复苏杂志,2019,40(4):342-344.

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    2020-04-23 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

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