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病例:乙胺丁醇致中毒性视网膜病变1例

2011-10-09 田云 常瑛 冯娟 王婧雯 赵培西 中国医学论坛报

    病历摘要   患者女性,56岁、39公斤,因间断咳痰、乏力、盗汗、低热1个月入院。入院后查痰抗酸菌涂片3次均阳性。胸片示,双肺上中多发斑片,结节影,右肺上可见一厚壁透光区。既往无传染病、高血压、糖尿病、药物过敏史。诊断为肺结核和肠结核。   诊治经过   患者住院后期和出院后治疗期间,4次痰培养(-),PPD试验(-),肺部X片和CT结果对比,无新的浸润灶形成,病情稳定,

 

  病历摘要

  患者女性,56岁、39公斤,因间断咳痰、乏力、盗汗、低热1个月入院。入院后查痰抗酸菌涂片3次均阳性。胸片示,双肺上中多发斑片,结节影,右肺上可见一厚壁透光区。既往无传染病、高血压糖尿病、药物过敏史。诊断为肺结核和肠结核。

  诊治经过

  患者住院后期和出院后治疗期间,4次痰培养(-),PPD试验(-),肺部X片和CT结果对比,无新的浸润灶形成,病情稳定,恢复良好。在使用乙胺丁醇(EMB)前,患者视力正常。治疗11个月后患者出现脚趾麻木症状,此后20多天出现视力下降,麻木加重,未采取措施。治疗13个月后,双眼视力急剧下降,停用乙胺丁醇(图)。

  乙胺丁醇视神经损害的诊断依据为:① 抗结核治疗服用乙胺丁醇;② 患者感觉视力模糊,视力减退;③ 视觉功能检查,视力减退、视野缺损,色觉异常等;④ 排除其他引起视神经炎病因;⑤ 光学相干断层摄影(OCT)、视觉激发电位(VEP)检测异常。视神经损害与乙胺丁醇的使用有合理的时间关系,且具有多重危险因素。不能除外患者可能为药源性疾病。

  讨论

  乙胺丁醇为目前结核药物中最常用的抑菌剂。其导致视神经损害的发病率为2%~15%,全球每年约10万人发生EMB眼损害,我国每年有 8000~1.6万人。EMB视神经损害发生时间多在服药后1~6个月。患者接受EMB治疗5个月后出现症状,并逐渐加重。发生视神经毒性的危险因素包括 EMB剂量、肾功能、年龄及基因变异,其中剂量与视神经毒性相关性最强。EMB<15 mg/kg时,该发生率<1%;EMB为25 mg /kg时,发生率为5%,EMB为30 mg/kg时,发生率为18%。

  患者药物方案基本符合世界卫生组织结核治疗指南,但是EMB未严格按用法用量及注意事项执行。说明书明确指出首次使用该药的初始剂量为 15 mg/kg,使用2个月后,剂量也应降至15 mg/kg,该患者一直使用19 mg/kg。另外用药前、中、后需要检查视力,当药量>15 mg /kg,尤其要注意。

  此外,异烟肼超量,按20 mg/kg计算使用最大量为0.78 g,该患者使用最大剂量为0.9 g。患者服药11个月后出现视功能损害。

  ■小结

  在结核病的治疗中,乙胺丁醇的作用不可忽视。医师和药师要对药源性视神经损害提高警惕,并应在用药前后进行用药教育和提醒。减少药源性视神经损害的方法包括:控制日剂量,缩短疗程。对于肾功能减退者,视神经、视网膜疾病者,应禁用。对于肝功能不全、痛风病史、糖尿病、孕妇及老年人,应慎用,13岁以下幼儿最好不用。此外,注意监测眼科症状,及时治疗,乙胺丁醇引起的眼损害一般可逆。

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    2014-09-08 sweetai

    非常有帮助,谢谢!

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    2011-10-11 zutt
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    2011-10-11 mashirong
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