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宝宝常用感冒药,药师来解析!

2017-06-29 佚名 百姓药学网

儿童普通感冒即急性鼻咽炎,是上呼吸道感染的一个最常见类型,其临床主要特征包括发热、鼻塞、流涕、打喷嚏、咳嗽、头痛、全身酸痛乏力等表现,感冒是可以自愈的疾病。禁止2 岁以下婴幼儿服用感冒药,不推荐4岁以下儿童服用感冒药,4~6岁的儿童要在医生的指导下使用感冒药。——FDA 组织临床中应用的儿童感冒药品种类繁多,比较代表性的有复方氨酚黄那敏、复方氨酚烷胺、复方氨酚甲麻、美敏伪麻等。1解热镇痛药常用布洛

儿童普通感冒即急性鼻咽炎,是上呼吸道感染的一个最常见类型,其临床主要特征包括发热、鼻塞、流涕、打喷嚏、咳嗽、头痛、全身酸痛乏力等表现,感冒是可以自愈的疾病。

禁止2 岁以下婴幼儿服用感冒药,不推荐4岁以下儿童服用感冒药,4~6岁的儿童要在医生的指导下使用感冒药。

——FDA 组织

临床中应用的儿童感冒药品种类繁多,比较代表性的有复方氨酚黄那敏、复方氨酚烷胺、复方氨酚甲麻、美敏伪麻等。

1

解热镇痛药

常用布洛芬及对乙酰氨基酚,主要用来退热。

布洛芬:

具有抗炎、镇痛、解热作用,适用于治疗风湿性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、强直性脊椎炎和神经炎等。

布洛芬的镇痛、消炎作用机制尚未完全阐明,可能作用于炎症组织局部,通过抑制前列腺素或其他递质的合成而起作用,由于白细胞活动及溶酶体酶释放被抑制,使组织局部的痛觉冲动减少,痛觉受体的敏感性降低。治疗痛风是通过消炎、镇痛、并不能纠正高尿酸血症。治疗痛经的作用机理可能是前列腺素合成受到抑制使子宫内压力下降、宫缩减少。

对乙酰氨基酚

用作解热、镇痛、抗风湿。

布洛芬和对乙酰氨基酚两个比较明显的差异在于布洛芬除了解热镇痛功能外,还有一定的抗炎作用。

2

抗组胺药物

主要指的是马来酸氯苯那敏,即“扑尔敏”。

通过对H1受体的拮抗起到抗过敏作用。主要用于鼻炎、皮肤黏膜过敏及缓解流泪、打喷嚏、流涕等感冒症状。

主要不良反应为嗜睡、口渴、多尿、咽喉痛、困倦、虚弱感、心悸、皮肤瘀斑、出血倾向。

注意事项:

1.服药期间不得驾驶机、车、船、从事高空作业、机械作业及操作精密仪器。

2.新生儿、早产儿不宜使用。

3.孕妇及哺乳期妇女慎用。

4.膀胱颈梗阻、幽门十二指肠梗阻、甲状腺功能亢进、青光眼、消化性溃疡、高血压和前列腺肥大者慎用。

5.对本品过敏者禁用,过敏体质者慎用。

3

金刚烷胺类

金刚烷胺是最早用于抑制流感病毒的抗病毒药,是抗RNA病毒的抗病毒药,其作用机制也不完全清楚。可阻止RNA病毒穿透宿主细胞。如果病毒已穿透宿主细胞,还能阻止病毒的脱壳和释放核酸,干扰病毒的早期复制。此外,尚可封闭宿主细胞膜上的病毒通道,阻止病毒穿入人体细胞。在组织培养中,金刚烷胺能防止黏液病毒、副黏液病毒的感染,对体外弹状病毒也有效。

4

盐酸甲基麻黄碱类

药理毒理:甲基麻黄碱是从麻黄草中提取的生物碱,具有止咳、平喘作用,日本学者于五十年代就应用于临床治疗支气管哮喘及镇咳,属中枢镇咳药,其作用与美沙芬相似,但对呼吸中枢无抑制,仅对咳嗽中枢有抑制作用;同时具有松弛气管平滑肌作用,其作用大于麻黄碱,是安全有效的抗过敏及镇咳药物。

5

化痰祛痰类药物

有些复方抗感冒制剂中含有如盐酸氨溴索、羧甲司坦等,作用于支气管腺体,使低粘度的唾液粘蛋白分泌增加,高粘度的岩藻黏蛋白产生减少,从而痰液粘稠性降低,易于咳出。与化痰药不同,祛痰药主要指的是以愈创木酚甘油醚为代表的恶心祛痰剂,通过刺激胃黏膜,引起轻微的恶心而反射性地使呼吸道腺体分泌增加,痰液稀释而易于咳出。

6

镇咳药

以氢溴酸右美沙芬、福尔克定为代表的镇咳药,主要作用机制为中枢性镇咳,可直接作用于延髓咳嗽中枢,与可待因不同,无药物依赖性。对于两岁一下的儿童,因咳嗽是一种保护机制,可促进痰的排除,因此应用镇咳药物需谨慎,应用时多与祛痰化痰药物联合应用。

7

咖啡因

咖啡因:(Caffeine)是从茶叶、咖啡果中提炼出来的一种黄嘌呤生物碱化合物,是一种中枢神经兴奋剂,能够暂时的驱走睡意并恢复精力,临床上用于治疗神经衰弱和昏迷复苏。

但是,大剂量或长期使用也会对人体造成损害,特别是它也有成瘾性,一旦停用会出现精神萎顿、浑身困乏疲软等各种戒断症状,虽然其成瘾性较弱,戒断症状也不十分严重。但由于药物的耐受性而导致用药量不断增加时,咖啡因就不仅作用于大脑皮层,还能直接兴奋延髓,引起阵发性惊厥和骨骼震颤,损害肝、胃、肾等重要内脏器官,诱发呼吸道炎症、妇女乳腺瘤等疾病,甚至导致吸食者下一代智能低下,肢体畸形。因此也被列入受国家管制的精神药品范围。

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    2018-03-22 hongbochen
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672848, encodeId=a81b16e2848cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Thu Mar 22 10:15:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=273022, encodeId=1f1e2e3022e2, content=学习了谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 27 21:16:53 CST 2017, time=2017-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=268268, encodeId=70542682684b, content=学习了.谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Dec 10 07:30:04 CST 2017, time=2017-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1497439, encodeId=ea6d149e43903, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85715326639' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感冒药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53266, encryptionId=85715326639, topicName=感冒药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1fa19322371, createdName=whmdzju, createdTime=Sat Jul 01 13:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1249785, encodeId=80fa1249e8571, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95264599452' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#宝宝#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45994, encryptionId=95264599452, topicName=宝宝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=杏林小小, createdTime=Fri Jun 30 01:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-27 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-12-10 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了.谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-07-01 whmdzju
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