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零基础都秒懂:这样看心电图,一学就会!

2021-09-19 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

最常见心电图全收录!

对各科临床医生来说,准确读懂心电图都是一个不小的挑战。领略过主任们看一眼就能说出诊断结果的神技能,而自己却懵懵东东,是不是特别沮丧?今天,我们来个三位一体精解心电图,通过图片+口诀+推理,让你秒懂心电图。

1、心电图各波、段和间期的命名和定义

首先我们看看心电图各个波都是代表什么意思这个务必要懂。P波、Tp(或 Ta) 波、PR间期、PR段、QRS波群、J点、ST段、T波、QT 间期和U波分别表示心电图的波、段和间期。

1)P波代表左右心房除极的电活动。P波形态可以为正向、负向、正负双向或负正双向。不同导联 波方向不同。P波在基线以上,称为正向 P波;P波在基线以下,称为负向 P波。

2)Tp(或 Ta)波代表心房复极电活动。位于 PR段或 QRS 波群之中,一般 Tp波不易观察到。房室阻滞或心 房肌梗死时,可以观察到 Tp波。

3)PR间期为自 P波起点至 QRS波群起点的时限。它代表心房开始除极至心室开始除极的时限。

4)QRS波群代表左右心室和室间隔除极的电活 动。第一个负向波,称为 Q波,之后向上的波称为 波;R波之后的负向波称为 S波。S波之后的正向 波称为 波;其后的负向波称为 波。如果 QRS 波群只有一个正向波,则称为 R波;若只有一个负向波,则称为 QS波,QRS波群终点称为J点。

5)J点是指 QRS波群终点与 ST段起始的连接点, 代表心室除极结束和心室复极开始的交界点。当 点形成一定的振幅、持续一定的时限,并呈圆顶状 或驼峰形态时,称为 J波或 Osborn波。

6)ST段指 J点与 T波起点之间的一段线段。ST 段可呈水平上斜、下斜等多种形态,并逐渐过渡为 波。在大多数情况下,确定 ST段终点与 T波的起 点有一定困难。

7)T波代表心室复极的电活动。T波双支不对 称,上升支缓慢,下降支稍陡。T波方向大部分与 QRS波群主波方向一致,即以 R波为主的导联上 波正向,以 S波为主的导联 T波负向(V1、V2例外)。 T波形态可以为正向、负向、正负双向、负正双向,其 定义同 P波。

8)QT间期是自 QRS波群起始点至 T波终点的时 限,代表心室肌除极和复极所需的总时间。

9)U波是位于 T波之后、下一个 P波之前的小波。 正常 U波极性常与 T波相同,通常 V2 ~V4 导联的 U波较显著,心率较快时,不易观察到 U波。

2、诊断技巧

在心电图的诊断中,都应该分辨出常见的心电图波形,下面就从正常心电图、心律失常、心肌梗死以及心肌病等方面入手,解读各类心电图表现。

1)正常心电图

心电图特点:心律整齐;RR间距在三大格到五大格之间(此时心率在60~100次/分);呈直立型,与QRS波关系紧密(每个P波之后都有QRS波群);PR间期0.12~0.2秒(小于一大格);QRS波没有宽大畸形。

2)窦性心动过缓

心电图特点:心率小于60/分钟;P-PR-R)间期都是一致;QRS波群大小形态一样;每一个P波后,都有一个QRS波群。

3)窦性心动过速

心电图特点:心率大于100/分钟;P-PR-R)间期缩短,小于3格;可伴有继发性ST段压低和T波振幅偏低。

3) 室性心动过速

心电图特点:心率在150~200次/分钟;连续出现≥ 3次室性早搏;P-P(R-R)间期略微不规则。

4)心室扑动

心电图特点:心率在200~250次/分钟;P-QRS-T波消失,出现的是连续快速而相对规则的心室扑动波。

5)心室颤动

心电图特点:心率在150~500次/分钟;P-QRS-T波群完全消失代之完全不规则的室颤波(波浪曲线)。

6)一度传导阻滞

心电图特点:窦性节律,P-R间期延长>0.22 秒(五个小格,一个正方形的格),但是每个P波后面还是有QRS波群。

7)二度房室传导阻滞

心电图特点:P-R间期逐渐延长,直至发生一个QRS波群脱落 ,循环再重复 。

8)三度房室传导阻滞

心电图特点:P-R间期各不相等;P-PP-R间期各有其固定的频率。

9)房颤

心电图特点:心房活动包括多个凹形小波,心脏收缩约为每分钟400+下 。通常显示体表心电图不规则波动(f 波),V1中最明显;P波缺失 ,室性心律完全异常,f波并一定能看到,特别是当AF长期存在的情况,QRS 波群可能变宽(偏离正常位置或束支传导阻滞)。

2、心率的测量

先进的心电图仪,都有快速实时显示心率的功 能,可将心率各种基本参数和心电图一同打印在心电 图报告上,在无噪声或外来干扰的影响下,快速、准确 地计算出心率等各种心电参数,并打印心电图报告。

在心电图上测量心率,应用分规测量 -P间期 求出心房率,测量 -R间期求出心室率。无房室传 导阻滞者,测量 -R周期即可求出心房率及心室 率。计算心率可采用下列方法:

1)查表法

用分规测量 -P或 -R间期,将测量的秒数乘 100,得出每分钟心率。例如:测得的 -R间期为 .77s,第一列第二个数字,与此对应的第二列数字78即为心率

2)60除以 -P或 -R间期计算心率

用60除以 -P或 -R间期(s),所得数值即为心 率。例如:R-R间期为 .75s,则心率 =60÷.75= 80(次/min)

3) 简便的目测方法

可采取简便的目测方法,粗略推算心率。心电图机的走纸速度一般为每 25ms/s(即 5个中格,一 个大格),每一中格的时间为 200ms。两个中格为 400ms,依此类推。 目测 -P或 -R间距约占几个中格,若其间距 为三个中格,则心房或心室率便是 100次/min,依此类推

4)心电图测量尺

使用心电图测量尺计算出心率,原理同上。如 心律失常,节律不规则,则可用以下测量方法:

(1)取多个 -P或 -R间期平均值除以 60,计 算心率:用分规测量 5~6个 -P或 -R周期,求出 平均值,除以 60,得出心率。

2)取 8~10个 -f或 -R间期平均值除以 60,计算心房率和心室率:心房颤动时,连续测量 8~10个 -f或 -R周期,取平均值,除以 60,分别计 算出心房率和心室率。

(3)连续测量 10s距离内的 P或 R波数目,计 算心房率和心室率:以任何一个 P或 R波作起点, 连续测量 10s距离中的 P或 R波数目(作为起点的 P或 R波不计算在内),将 R(P)波数目乘以 6,分别 求出心房率和心室率。如果测量的终点不在 P或 波起点上,则可粗略测量最后一个心动周期所占的 百分比,将所得值加入 P波或 R波数目中,再乘以 便可得出心房率和心室率。

参考来源

1.《心电图测量技术指南》编写专家组.心电图测量技术指南[J].实用心电学杂 志,2019,28(2):77-86.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1070507, encodeId=139b10e0507ab, content=明天学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/ykGRcou2PxnPQC5twzEHcKBEDM3ib9lUhTSrkFjLcOKfmcyPIfMddkzeIVnkIaZlVCutkibqf9AUTYHzhOiavelQg/132, createdBy=d2f05306482, createdName=测血压, createdTime=Mon Nov 15 20:09:13 CST 2021, time=2021-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1054048, encodeId=8cb01054048c3, content=码住, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7ca45436090, createdName=ms5000001438058863, createdTime=Thu Sep 23 08:51:07 CST 2021, time=2021-09-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1053412, encodeId=d80c105341230, content=嗯啦土体花钱了POS咯to怕啥来啥, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Tue Sep 21 07:20:15 CST 2021, time=2021-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1053242, encodeId=e4ac105324249, content=学习中实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210920/8210ada76f0842e588208f7816b563ae/7ef8aeed6bc94c48853528fb1f5cb54b.jpg, createdBy=72325568932, createdName=ms1000001882469417, createdTime=Mon Sep 20 11:50:34 CST 2021, time=2021-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1053216, encodeId=c2d7105321613, content=技术泽恩卡罗拉去的开空调了么么哒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Mon Sep 20 10:24:25 CST 2021, time=2021-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1053189, encodeId=dba6105318929, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e215120544' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#心电图#</a>学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=51205, encryptionId=7e215120544, topicName=心电图)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211210/ede9c51184aa4f54ae6c1164cfb8eeac/967dbf3eff2943c7bf3ccfec3a776ab0.JPG, createdBy=a33789389, createdName=病毒猎手, createdTime=Mon Sep 20 08:41:39 CST 2021, time=2021-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-15 测血压

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    2021-09-23 ms5000001438058863

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    2021-09-21 查查佳佳

    嗯啦土体花钱了POS咯to怕啥来啥

    0

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    2021-09-20 ms1000001882469417

    学习中实用

    0

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    2021-09-20 查查佳佳

    技术泽恩卡罗拉去的开空调了么么哒

    0

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    2021-09-20 病毒猎手

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