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2010版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》指南精粹与点评(贾继东教授)

2011-03-25 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

作者:贾继东教授等 来源:中国医学论坛报   与2005版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(以下简称《指南》)相比,2010版《指南》将乙肝病毒(HBV)感染自然史分期由3期改为4期;在治疗总目标方面,2010版《指南》仍强调抗病毒治疗是关键;在抗病毒治疗一般适应证方面,与2005版《指南》基本一致。   在本文,我们摘要刊登2010版《指南》中的HBV感染自然史分期、慢性乙型肝炎治疗总目标及抗病毒治

作者:贾继东教授等 来源:中国医学论坛报

  与2005版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(以下简称《指南》)相比,2010版《指南》将乙肝病毒(HBV)感染自然史分期由3期改为4期;在治疗总目标方面,2010版《指南》仍强调抗病毒治疗是关键;在抗病毒治疗一般适应证方面,与2005版《指南》基本一致。

  在本文,我们摘要刊登2010版《指南》中的HBV感染自然史分期、慢性乙型肝炎治疗总目标及抗病毒治疗一般适应证方面的内容,并邀请首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肝病中心贾继东教授进行点评。

  慢性HBV感染自然史

  婴幼儿期HBV感染的自然史一般可人为地划分为4个期,即免疫耐受期、免疫清除期、非活动或低(非)复制期和再活动期,各期的病毒学、生化学及组织学改变特点见下图。

  

  点击大图  

  慢性乙型肝炎治疗总体目标

  治疗总体目标

  ● 最大限度地长期抑制HBV,减轻肝细胞炎症坏死及肝纤维化,延缓和减少肝脏失代偿、肝硬化、肝细胞癌(HCC)及其并发症的发生,从而改善生活质量和延长生存时间。

  治疗手段

  ● 慢性乙型肝炎治疗主要包括抗病毒、免疫调节、抗炎和抗氧化、抗纤维化和对症治疗,其中抗病毒治疗是关键,只要有适应证,且条件允许,就应进行规范的抗病毒治疗。

  抗病毒治疗一般适应证

  一般适应证

  ● 乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)阳性者,HBV DNA≥105 copies/ml(相当于20000 IU/ml);HBeAg阴性者,HBV DNA≥104 copies/ml,(相当于2000 IU/ml);

  ● ALT≥2×正常值上限(ULN),如用干扰素(IFN)治疗, ALT应≤10×ULN, 血清总胆红素应< 2×ULN;

  ● ALT<2×ULN,但肝组织学显示克尔德尔(Knodell)组织学活动指数(HAI)≥4,或炎症坏死评分≥G2,或纤维化评分≥S2。

  对持续HBV DNA 阳性、达不到上述治疗标准,但有以下情形之一者,亦应考虑给予抗病毒治疗

  ● 对ALT 大于ULN 且年龄>40岁者, 也应考虑抗病毒治疗(Ⅲ)。

  ● 对ALT 持续正常但年龄较大者(>40岁), 应密切进行随访,最好进行肝活检;如果肝组织学显示Knodell HAI≥4,或炎症坏死评分≥G2,或纤维化评分≥S2, 应积极给予抗病毒治疗(Ⅱ) 。

  ● 对于动态观察发现有疾病进展的证据(如脾脏增大)者,建议进行肝组织学检查,必要时给予抗病毒治疗(Ⅲ) 。

  补充说明

  ● 在开始治疗前,应排除由药物、酒精或其他因素所致的ALT升高,也应排除应用降酶药物后的ALT暂时性正常。

  ● 对于一些特殊病例(如肝硬化或服用联苯结构衍生物类药物者),其天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平可高于ALT,此时可将AST 水平作为主要指标。

 

  ■专家点评

  有效长期抑制HBV复制实现治疗总体目标

  首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院 王倩怡 贾继东

  抗病毒治疗是关键

  近年来,国内外多项研究表明,除免疫耐受期患者外,慢性乙肝患者体内HBV DNA水平与肝脏炎症活动度、肝硬化/HCC发生率均呈正相关,说明活动性HBV复制是肝脏损伤和疾病进展的主要驱动力。研究还表明,抗病毒治疗不仅可改善患者病毒学、生化学及组织学指标,还可改善患者远期临床转归,即减少肝硬化、肝硬化失代偿及HCC的发生。因此,2010版《指南》仍强调抗病毒治疗是关键,仍将乙肝抗病毒治疗的总目标描述为最大限度地长期抑制HBV,减轻肝细胞炎症坏死及肝纤维化,延缓和减少肝脏失代偿、肝硬化、HCC及其并发症的发生,从而改善患者生活质量,延长生存期。

  抗病毒治疗一般适应证

  确定抗病毒治疗适应证需要考虑HBV感染自然史、抗病毒治疗效果及卫生经济学等多种因素。无明显炎症坏死和纤维化的免疫耐受期患者肝脏疾病进展很慢,且现有抗病毒治疗措施对该期患者远期疗效不佳。故国内外主要指南均将抗病毒治疗的主要适应证规定为疾病进展较迅速的免疫清除期或再活动期的慢性乙肝患者及肝硬化患者。2010版《指南》的抗病毒治疗一般适应证与2005年版《指南》基本一致,仍根据血清HBV DNA水平、血清转氨酶水平、组织学分级及分期三个方面,同时还考虑患者年龄及是否有肝硬化等因素。

  HBV DNA水平: 与2005版《指南》相比无变化,即HBeAg阳性者HBV DNA≥105 copies/ml;HBeAg阴性者HBV DNA≥104 copies/ml。对于肝硬化患者,HBV DNA治疗适应证放宽。

  血清转氨酶水平: 2010版《指南》仍建议以血清ALT水平超过2×ULN为治疗指征,但应排除由药物、酒精或其他因素所致的ALT升高,也应排除应用降酶药物后ALT暂时性正常,这是根据我国的实际情况而增加的描述。对于IFN,因其可能会引起强烈的免疫应答而导致肝脏炎症坏死加重,故ALT应 ≤10×ULN,血清总胆红素水平应<2×ULN,以免诱发肝衰竭。对于已经发生肝硬化者,则没有ALT水平的限制。

  组织学改变: 在不少情况下,血清转氨酶水平并不能准确反映肝脏组织学分级与分期,故2010版《指南》仍将组织学改变作为决定是否治疗的重要依据。除继续将明显炎症坏死(Knodell HAI ≥4,或炎症坏死≥G2)作为开始治疗的依据外,2010版《指南》增加了有明显纤维化者(纤维化 ≥S2)也须接受抗病毒治疗。

  年龄: 年龄是预测疾病进展的重要因素。在年龄>40岁的患者中,即使ALT持续正常或仅轻度升高,仍有不少患者的肝活检显示有不同程度的肝脏炎症和(或)纤维化。因此,2010版《指南》建议,对ALT仅轻度升高但年龄>40岁者,也应考虑抗病毒治疗;对ALT持续正常但年龄>40岁者,鼓励进行肝活检,并根据组织学病变决定是否治疗。

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