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病例分享:ST段抬高,你要PCI吗:主动脉夹层病变一例

2017-10-27 佚名 国际循环

从相关注册登记研究结果来看,主动脉夹层累及冠状动脉并不罕见。累及冠状动脉的主动脉夹层与急性心肌梗死均可导致急性胸痛,但两者的治疗原则却南辕北辙。因此,临床实践中需通过详细询问病史、体格检查及辅助检查相结合作出快速判断和鉴别诊断。只有这样,才能避免漏诊及其所导致的致命后果。

病例介绍

患者女性,49岁,主因“突发剑下疼痛2+小时”入院。

现病史

患者2小时多前突发剑下疼痛,血压测不出,伴大小便失禁及烦躁,由外院转入我院急诊。

既往史

既往有可疑“高血压病”史。

体格检查

血压80/50 mm Hg,脉搏85次/分,呼吸25次/分。意识清楚,较烦躁。双上肢血压相差10 mm Hg。双肺呼吸音对称,未闻及干湿啰音。心界不大,心率85次/分,律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹软,剑下压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张。

辅助检查

化验检查显示,各项心肌标志物水平均明显增高(肌红蛋白>1000 ng/ml、肌酸激酶同功酶质量 49.83 ng/ml、肌钙蛋白T 15.47 ng/L);血常规可见白细胞计数(16.39×109/L)及中性粒细胞比例(91.1%)显着增高。血气分析未见低氧血症;凝血功能检查可见纤维蛋白及纤维蛋白原降解产物(>80 mg/L)和D-二聚体(34.37 mg/l FEU)水平显着增高。急诊及入院后心电图可见Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高,胸导联ST段广泛压低(图1)。



图1. 急诊心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高,胸前导联ST段广泛压低

病史特点

概述该病例,其病史主要特点如下:49岁女性,既往有可疑高血压病史;突发剑下疼痛;低血压状态;心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高,胸前导联ST段广泛压低;心肌标志物明显增高,D-二聚体增高,但无低氧血症。

初步诊断

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病:急性ST段抬高下壁心肌梗死、心源性休克。

诊疗经过

《2016中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南》推荐合并心源性休克的ST段抬高心肌梗死患者行急诊血运重建治疗,遂行急诊冠状动脉造影检查。结果发现,患者左冠状动脉未见异常(图2),右冠状动脉可见开口处到近段病变(图3)。但是,患者胸痛来势凶猛,且伴有休克、心电图改变和酶学指标增高,右冠状动脉上述病变可能无法解释病情。这使得我们重新回到起点,思索诊断是否存在问题,患者的胸痛到底归因于心肌梗死、肺栓塞还是主动脉夹层等其他疾病。



图2. 造影图像:左冠状动脉



图3. 造影图像:右冠状动脉开口到近段病变

进一步追问病史发现,患者此次突发剑下疼痛存在情绪激动诱因(与家人有争吵),发作时伴有双下肢感觉障碍及腰痛,但患者近期无双下肢水肿,无近期外科手术及卧床史,病程中无呼吸困难等症状。反复读冠状动脉造影图发现,右冠状动脉开口明显受压,高度怀疑存在主动脉夹层。遂行急诊主动脉CTA,发现患者确实存在Standford A型主动脉夹层(图4),病变起始于升主动脉,并累及降主动脉、腹主动脉及左侧髂总动脉,达左侧髂内外动脉分叉处,并伴有假腔内血栓形成,且左右冠状动脉均存在开口受压变窄。确认患者存在主动脉夹层后,遂转华西医院行外科手术。



图4. 急诊主动脉CTA可见Standford A型主动脉夹层

修正诊断

主动脉夹层(Standford A型)

心源性休克

诊疗体会

急性主动脉夹层是主动脉综合征中最为凶险的疾病,临床实践中常采用Standford分型(是否累积升主动脉)指导其治疗策略选择。就临床预后而言,急性主动脉夹层发病急剧,病情较凶险。其中,Standford A型患者2/3在急性期死于夹层破裂或心包填塞、心律失常等并发症;Standford B型患者约75%可渡过急性期,但5年生存率仅10%~15%,大多死于瘤体破裂。主动脉夹层的诊断主要依赖影像学检查;实验室检查虽可见D-二聚体增高,若累及冠状动脉可见心肌标志物升高,若累及腹腔脏器血管可出现血清乳酸显着增高,但均缺乏显着特异性。

从相关注册登记研究结果来看,主动脉夹层累及冠状动脉并不罕见。累及冠状动脉的主动脉夹层与急性心肌梗死均可导致急性胸痛,但两者的治疗原则却南辕北辙。因此,临床实践中需通过详细询问病史、体格检查及辅助检查相结合作出快速判断和鉴别诊断(图5)。只有这样,才能避免漏诊及其所导致的致命后果。


图5. 急性胸痛鉴别诊断流程

点评

张福春教授  北京大学第三医院

病例讲得非常好,临床思路清晰,特别谈到了腹痛的鉴别诊断,开始的处理是恰当的,那么一个典型表现要求一下子就看出是夹层并不现实。做完造影后发现有被挤压等情况,而且右冠状动脉中段也不除外有血栓。在导管室做完造影看到有不典型的地方就能考虑到详细病史,通过蛛丝马迹重新想到主动脉夹层,是一个非常好的临床思维。特别讲到了临床诊断应该强调临床表现,包括病史、体征等第一手资料,千万不能倒过来,临床表现应该指引我们做相关检查,进行诊断和鉴别诊断,这是正确的临床思路。

杨艳敏教授  中国医学科学院阜外医院

分析得非常到位,而且是娓娓道来、润物细无声的演讲,可读性和可视性非常强。但有一点可能要强调,这个患者ST段抬高,入院时有休克表现,血压测不到,对于这种患者,可能需要做基础的心脏超声,通过评估心功能状态决定介入治疗的安全性。对于夹层的患者,发生ST段抬高的都是A型夹层,累及升主动脉,所以才累及到冠状动脉,超声是非常容易发现的。对于这种患者,先看看纵膈是否有明显增宽,若有或许也会适可而止。这种夹层的患者做冠状动脉造影检查一旦插入导管,就会注射肝素,可能会带来致命性后果。尽管胸痛中心非常强调D-to-B时间,但对于一些危重患者,我们仍然要坚持去做基本的诊断和鉴别诊断。我们要注意除外一些特殊患者,如ST段抬高但伴有血压明显增高的,还有那些特别极端的,比如血压非常低的,因为血压低是一个最大的陷阱,不太容易让人想到夹层,但如果患者有夹层、血压低,一定是有严重并发症,我们一定要做鉴别诊断,然后再决定是否进行介入治疗,可能对保证患者的安全性是非常重要的。

廖玉华教授 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院

这个病例的心电图Ⅰ导联和aVL导联ST段压低,抬高的仅仅是Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联,胸前导联ST段压低程度几乎是一个大方格,在aVR也出现ST段抬高,12导联都出现了这种变化,遇到这种患者,要考虑什么?到底是主干病变,还是几个血管都有病变?当遇到一个患者同时处于休克和低血压,除了考虑有没有其他并发症,还要怀疑是否有夹层。一般来说,如果是B型夹层,在降主动脉,出现的高血压通常累及肾动脉且很顽固;如果降主动脉无夹层,不会引起血压很高。患者可疑高血压病史,看到这种很广泛的心电图导联变化,又加上有些心肌标志物增高,判断心肌梗死是没有错误的。因为心肌梗死有5种类型,并非仅有冠状动脉血栓堵塞会引起心肌梗死,其他引起冠状动脉供血不足的病变也可导致心肌坏死。在导管室或胸痛中心,缺乏急诊心脏超声的前提下,医生在给患者插管之前,做个胸透看看心底部是否增宽,若增宽就要警惕主动脉夹层,不要进行后面的操作了,这是鉴别诊断的一个非常简单、快捷的方法。临床情况分析起来有时跟想象不一致时,可能得想得更复杂一些,看看有没有主动脉夹层的可能,这样就能规避后续操作过程中出现风险,这些都是值得大家汲取的经验和教训,我们处理过程中不要一味只知道冠状动脉问题。现在,中国胸痛中心的整体建设是件好事,但有些偏激,使医生只知道冠状动脉而忽略了很多问题。实际上,在急诊PCI过程中,非冠状动脉病变引起的心肌坏死或心电图改变已不少见,胸痛中心应该把这些病例进行总结归纳,对急性胸痛只考虑心肌梗死是不够的,非冠状动脉因素一定要引起高度重视。

吴平生教授  南方医科大学南方医院

患者aVR导联ST段抬高,应该考虑是左主干病变,但Ⅰ、aVL、V1~5导联的ST段均下降,这是个矛盾,当时就该想到不是一般的情况,应引起大家高度重视。实际上,我国急性主动脉夹层救治技术仍待改进。

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    2017-10-29 gdsun
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    2017-10-29 hyf035
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    2017-10-28 eleysee555

    基层医务工作者尤其要重视

    0

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    2017-10-27 有备才能无患

    <2016中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南>推荐合并心源性休克的ST段抬高心肌梗死患者行急诊血运重建治疗.遂行急诊冠状动脉造影检查.结果发现.患者左冠状动脉未见异常(图2).右冠状动脉可见开口处到近段病变(图3)

    0

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