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颅内原发性恶性黑色素瘤一例

2019-04-27 马桢 程敬亮 张勇 临床放射学杂志

患者男,47岁。20余天前无明显诱因出现头晕头痛、一过性意识障碍,呈发作性,每日发作2~3次,数秒后缓解。于当地医院就诊,行控制血压治疗。10余天前,患者出现行走不稳,呈持续性,遂来本院就诊。发病以来神志清,精神欠佳。

患者男,47岁。20余天前无明显诱因出现头晕头痛、一过性意识障碍,呈发作性,每日发作2~3次,数秒后缓解。于当地医院就诊,行控制血压治疗。10余天前,患者出现行走不稳,呈持续性,遂来本院就诊。发病以来神志清,精神欠佳。
 
MRI检查:小脑中线处小脑上蚓部见团块状低T1、高T2信号(图1,2),内可见点状短T1信号,黑水序列呈高信号,DWI高b值轻度扩散受限呈稍高信号(图3)。静脉注入Gd-DTPA后,左侧小脑半球近中线及小脑蚓部病变呈稍不均匀强化(图4、5),病变大小约2.9 cm×3.8 cm×3.8 cm,边界尚清。
 




图1 轴面T1WI示小脑蚓部内有一团块状肿瘤,呈稍低信号,瘤内信号不均匀;图2轴面T2WI示稍高信号,信号不均匀;图3 轴面DWI高b值示肿瘤轻度扩散受限;图4 轴面T1WI增强扫描示肿瘤呈高信号,瘤内信号稍不均匀,内有短片状高信号;图5 矢状面T1WI增强示肿瘤呈混杂高信号
 
手术及病理所见:术中见中线蚓部及四脑室一灰褐色肿瘤,大小约4 cm×4 cm×3 cm,质地软,边界尚清,无包膜,血供丰富,肿瘤周围水肿明显,肿瘤上方达天幕,两侧挤压小脑半球内侧面,前方至小脑蚓部及四脑室内。病理所见:镜下见肿瘤细胞大,少数细胞内含色素,排列成车轴状,编织状等。免疫组织化学染色:GFAP(-),S-100(+),Oligo-2(-),CK(-),EMA(个别弱+),Syn(-),CD56(灶、弱+),NSE(-),HMB45(+),Melan-A(+),Ki-67(约40%+),IDH1(-),P53(+)。病理诊断:(小脑蚓部)恶性黑色素瘤(图6)。
 


图6 病理表现:镜下细胞内可见色素沉积,呈车轴状(HE×100)
 
讨论
 
颅内原发恶性黑色素瘤(malignant melanoma,MM)是起源于软脑膜成黑色素细胞的恶性肿瘤,呈浸润性生长,发展迅速,预后差,通常位于脑底部、脑干底面、视交叉和大脑各叶沟裂处,经转为肿瘤细胞后,沿脑膜向四周脑组织扩散蔓延。本例肿瘤位于脑底部小脑内,符合文献报道。该肿瘤可分为原发性和转移性两类。颅内原发性MM是一种极为罕见的恶性肿瘤,约占全身MM的1%,占颅内肿瘤的0.07~0.17%,而转移性MM稍多,占0.11~0.39%。
 
颅内原发性MM患者预后略好于继发性。目前仍以Willis提出的3个基本条件为诊断原发性MM标准:皮肤和眼球没有发现MM;过去未做过MM的切除术;内脏未发现MM转移征象。此患者符合所有上述条件。本病好发于男性,这可能是因为MM内存在一种能抑制肿瘤生长的雌激素受体,所以女性相对少见。该病可发生于任何年龄,但40岁以下青壮年多见,而本例发病年龄稍大,较为少见。其临床表现缺乏特异性,据文献报道,颅内恶性MM主要临床表现为颅内高压和脑积水、局灶性神经功能缺损等症状,偶有发生脑出血或蛛网膜下隙出血和继发性癫痫发作。
 
本例肿瘤灶位于小脑,压迫症状明显,头痛、行走不稳为首要症状。黑色素内存在着自由基和不成对电子,可形成金属螯合物,可缩短T1、T2弛豫时间,所以T1上表现为高信号,在T2上表现为低信号。Isikar等根据MRI特点将其分为4型,黑色素型:T1高信号,T2低信号;无黑色素型:T1低或等信号,T2高或等信号;混合型:和前两型表现都不相同;伴出血型:仅表现为出血的影像特征。而本例MRI表现并不是典型的黑色素型,T1低信号,T2稍高信号,可能为无黑色素型。
 
MM不具有特征性的影像学表现,难与其他肿瘤相鉴别,主要依据病理学和免疫组织学来确诊。本病发病率低,且临床表现和影像表现不具典型特征,需要与其他相似疾病鉴别:(1)原发性和转移性MM的鉴别。原发性多发生于青壮年,年龄偏小,发病快,病程长,皮肤MM少见,好发于脑干、颅底等;而转移性多发生于中老年,皮肤多有MM,多单发,好发于大脑表面和灰白质交界。(2)脑膜瘤。其T1WI多为等或稍低信号,T2WI多为混杂稍高信号,强化有明显的“脑膜尾征”。(3)颅内出血。出血灶中的高铁血红蛋白和去氧血红蛋白也为顺磁性,在出血不同时期其影像学表现可不同,但其发病急,边界常伴水肿。
 
原始出处:

马桢,程敬亮,张勇,汪卫建,任琦.颅内原发性恶性黑色素瘤一例[J].临床放射学杂志,2018,37(02):357-358.

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    2019-09-18 sunylz
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