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Cell Stem Cell:神经再生又添大实锤!科学家在近百岁的AD患者脑中,发现神经再生,且再生水平与认知能力正相关

2019-05-31 奇点糕 奇点网

神经细胞,多年以来一直被认为是不可再生的,死一个就少一个。然而在2个月前,马德里自治大学的科学家们在老年人的大脑中发现了新生的神经元,动摇了神经细胞不可再生的理论。

神经细胞,多年以来一直被认为是不可再生的,死一个就少一个。然而在2个月前,马德里自治大学的科学家们在老年人的大脑中发现了新生的神经元,动摇了神经细胞不可再生的理论。

这一下可谓一石激起千层浪,在科学界引起了广泛的讨论。有认为这项研究激动人心的,也有认为其中存在缺陷,不能证明其中存在神经再生的。近日,Cell Stem Cell上一项研究再次为神经元可以再生的理论增添了一项证据。

除了上次已被发现的DCX阳性的分化中的神经细胞之外,芝加哥伊利诺斯大学的Matthew Tobin和Orly Lazarov等发现,在79~99岁的老年人大脑中,即使存在着认知障碍,也存在着保持干性没有分化的神经干细胞、增殖中的神经干细胞、刚刚完成增殖的新生神经细胞等等处于神经发生不同阶段的细胞。

而且神经发生的水平,和这些人的认知能力有关。新生神经细胞越多,认知能力越强。

此外,研究还显示,从大脑样本的捐献者死亡到检测的时间,对大脑中一些神经再生标志物的检测有明显影响,或许这就是出现许多相互矛盾的研究结果的原因。



神经细胞,尤其是海马体中的神经细胞能不能再生,一直是一个讨论的热点,各种神仙打架接连上演,比如去年就有两项结论截然相反的研究出炉:

3月份,Nature上一项中美联合的研究认为,人类大脑中新生神经元的数量会随着发育急剧下降,成年人不会产生新的神经元。而仅仅一个月之后,Cell Stem Cell上的另一项研究却显示人类的神经发生会持续终生。

不过学术界的吵架,总归是要拿试验证据说话的。为此,Tobin和Lazarov等在18位遗体捐献者的大脑中,再次对其中是否有神经元发生进行了检测。除1人外,其余的检测都在捐献者死亡后20小时内完成。


(来自pixabay.com)

这18名捐献者年龄从79岁~99岁不等,其中4位男性,14位女性,有6人被临床诊断为阿尔茨海默病(AD),6人被诊断为轻度认知障碍(MCI)。而这6位轻度认知障碍的捐献者中,又有4人的病理结果显示为AD。

研究人员对这些捐献者大脑的海马体中,带有各种神经发生标志物的细胞进行了计数。

在海马的颗粒下层(SGL)中,代表增殖中或刚完成增殖的神经前体细胞的Nestin、PCNA双阳性细胞,平均每立方毫米有11.2±6.7个,在颗粒层(GCL)中,每立方毫米平均也有3.5±2.4个。研究人员估计,在整个齿状回中,共有1,567±669个Nestin和PCNA双阳性的增殖中或刚完成增殖的神经前体细胞。

具体到每个捐献者,有6个人(33%)的脑中检测到了Nestin和PCNA双阳性的细胞,其中包括3位AD患者。


颗粒层、颗粒下层和齿状回中Nestin和/或PCNA阳性细胞的数量

而代表未分化的神经干细胞的Nestin和Sox2双阳性细胞,可以在包括8位AD患者的14位捐献者的脑中检出,平均平均每立方毫米有45.7±10.3个。进一步代表增殖中的神经干细胞的Nestin、Sox2和Ki67三阳性细胞,也能在包括7位AD患者的9位捐献者中检出。

即使在患有AD的近百岁老人中,也存在神经干细胞!


Nestin(红)、Sox2(绿)和Ki67(白)三阳性的正在增殖的神经干细胞

这些神经前体细胞是否生成了神经元呢?研究人员又对捐献者海马中,代表正在分化的未成熟神经细胞的DCX阳性细胞进行了检测。

研究发现,所有捐献者的脑中都有未成熟神经细胞!而代表新生成的未成熟神经细胞的DCX和PCNA双阳性细胞,也在包括4位AD患者的共9位捐献者的海马中被发现了。


表达DCX(红)的未成熟神经细胞

随后,研究人员对这些处于各个神经发生阶段的不同细胞数量,和检测时间、空间位置、认知能力、AD病理状况等因素的关系进行了分析。

分析发现,颗粒下层中Nestin阳性细胞和PCNA阳性细胞的数量,与捐献者死亡到检测之间的时间明显负相关。对此,可能需要进一步的试验来确定死后间隔对这些标志物检测的影响。

空间上,离海马体后缘越远,代表神经前体细胞的Nestin阳性细胞越少。其中,代表神经干细胞的Nestin和Sox2双阳性细胞主要分布在海马体的背侧。这可能与海马体腹侧和背侧的不同功能有关。有研究显示,海马体最为人熟知的学习、记忆功能,是背侧负责的[3],而其腹侧主要负责情绪性行为和应激反应[4]。

而对于认知能力,研究人员发现,新生成的未成熟神经细胞的数量,与这些捐献者的认知评分有明显的相关性,DCX和PCNA双阳性细胞越多,认知能力越强。不过代表增殖中的神经干细胞的Nestin、Sox2和Ki67三阳性细胞,却似乎跟认知能力负相关,但没有达到显着性要求。

不过AD患者中,tau蛋白和β淀粉样蛋白的病理情况,却和神经发生水平没有什么关系。


DCX和PCNA双阳性细胞数量越多,认知能力越强

研究人员表示,将来的研究应着重与探究这些新生神经元对于大脑的意义。毕竟,曾与神经元一样被认为是不可再生的心肌细胞,其再生有可能会引发致命的心律失常。而对于大脑中的神经细胞,再生后的大脑是否还是同一个人?这个问题还是交给伦理学家去头疼吧。

同时,研究人员也认为,目前关于大脑神经再生的研究,包括他们进行的这项研究,都存在一个问题。这些研究全都是通过一些标志物来间接的检查神经发生,这可能无法可靠的证明有新的神经元生成。希望能有更为准确可靠的研究方法被开发出来。

原始出处:Tobin MK1, Musaraca K1, Disouky A1, et al. Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis Persists in Aged Adults and Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Cell Stem Cell. 2019 May 16.

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    2019-11-09 维他命
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    2019-06-24 zutt
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    2019-05-31 坚强007

    向科研人员致敬!

    0

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    2019-05-31 183****7028

    学习

    0

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