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为什么很多新冠患者会经历嗅觉丧失?该如何做能尽快恢复嗅觉?

2022-01-29 中国生物技术网 中国生物技术网

自从新冠疫情暴发以来,也许没有任何症状比嗅觉丧失更为引人注目。虽然估计出的数据各不相同,但一些研究表明,有96%的新冠肺炎患者经历了部分或全部的嗅觉丧失。但这通常是暂时性的,大多数人会在几周内恢复。

自从新冠疫情暴发以来,也许没有任何症状比嗅觉丧失更为引人注目。虽然估计出的数据各不相同,但一些研究表明,有96%新冠肺炎患者经历了部分或全部的嗅觉丧失。但这通常是暂时性的,大多数人会在几周内恢复。

新冠疫情已经持续了两年多,然而科学家们仍不能完全理解新冠病毒是如何导致患者丧失嗅觉的,但现在有了一些新的线索。

首先,科学家们已经发现新冠肺炎会导致两种类型的嗅觉丧失:急性嗅觉丧失和慢性嗅觉丧失。

急性嗅觉丧失是指当一个人感染了新冠肺炎后可能出现其他症状,如流鼻涕或鼻塞,从而导致鼻腔发炎。

来自美国克利夫兰诊所的耳鼻喉科医生Raj Sindwani博士解释说:气味颗粒必须通过鼻腔到达腔顶端,神经末梢就在那里。如果鼻腔内壁肿胀,产生过多粘液,就阻挡了气味颗粒到达神经末梢,因此,你无法嗅到气味。

在感染新冠肺炎后,还可能会发生慢性嗅觉丧失,但几周或几个月后,患者仍然没有恢复。

有观点认为,由于患者的神经局部出现炎症,导致神经受损,因此,无论病毒在活动时做了什么,都会破坏神经末梢,导致无法感知气味。

还有观点认为,是遗传因素发挥了作用。

近日,发表在《Nature Genetics》上的一项研究表明,来自美国23andMe公司的研究人员揭示了感染新冠肺炎后个体是否易产生嗅觉或味觉丧失症状的遗传风险因素。该研究发现,与咳嗽或发烧等其他症状相比,嗅觉或味觉丧失是一种可以更好预测个体是否感染新冠病毒的指标。

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在这项研究中,研究团队在69841份新冠病毒检测呈阳性参与者的自我报告数据中,发现47298人(68%)出现了嗅觉或味觉丧失,女性出现症状的比例高于男性(女性72%,男性61%),而且年轻人更有可能出现嗅觉或味觉丧失。此外,东亚和非裔美国人感染新冠后出现嗅觉或味觉丧失的风险显著低于欧美人。

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通过全基因组关联研究(GWAS)分析,研究人员发现在4号染色体上的UGT2A1UGT2A2基因附近的一个基因位点与嗅觉或味觉丧失有关。然而,这种遗传风险因素只使失去嗅觉的几率增加了11%,这意味着一些携带这种基因的人并没有失去嗅觉。

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范德比尔特大学医学中心耳鼻咽喉头颈外科副教授Justin Turner博士表示:这表明遗传因素会导致嗅觉或味觉丧失的风险,但并不意味着它是导致嗅觉丧失的原因;而且,即使有影响的话,也只是一个小因素。因为在这项研究中,有许多人具有这种遗传变异性,但他们没有丧失嗅觉。

此前的两种主流观点认为,新冠病毒通过感染嗅球中的嗅觉神经元直接影响嗅觉,或通过破坏支持细胞间接影响嗅觉。

此前,发表在《Science Advances》上的一项研究中,来自哈佛医学院的研究团队表明,新冠病毒会破坏参与识别气味的支持细胞,因此造成嗅觉丧失。

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研究人员表示,当支持细胞受损时,它们可以再生并恢复功能。然而,这可能需要数周或数月的时间。这也许可以解释为什么许多人在几个月内无法恢复嗅觉。

这也是目前证据最多的理论。

此外,发表在《Nature Neuroscience》上的一项研究中,来自美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)的研究团队表明,嗅觉丧失可能是因为新冠病毒导致大脑中控制嗅球的部位发生炎症和出血。

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宾夕法尼亚大学耳鼻咽喉头颈外科教授Richard Doty博士说:目前尚不清楚病毒是否进入了嗅球,这仍然是一个问题,但许多其他病毒会进入嗅球。甚至疱疹病毒也可以通过嗅觉途径进入大脑,所以这并非不可能。但是嗅球是否在嗅觉丧失中起到了作用还没有定论。

Sindwani说:很可能所有这些理论都是正确的。也许起作用的并非是单一因素,而是多种因素。也许在一名患者身上起作用的是遗传因素,在另一名患者身上起作用的是支持细胞。也许支持细胞可能是基因不能让气味恢复的原因。

他表示,新冠病毒是一种全新的病毒,所以科学家们还没有找到所有的答案。或许在未来我们可以知道。

对于嗅觉丧失的患者如何恢复嗅觉,研究人员表示,新冠肺炎患者无法恢复嗅觉的情况是很少见的。研究表明,只有约5%的患者在六个月后仍存在嗅觉丧失的症状。

为了重新获得嗅觉,研究人员建议,患者可以使用药物治疗包括用盐水冲洗鼻子排出粘液的方法,以及使用处方类固醇喷雾剂以减少炎症。

除此之外,患者还可以接受嗅觉训练,即训练鼻子再次识别气味。

研究人员解释说,就像有红、黄、蓝等基础色一样,气味也可以由花香、果香、芳香和树脂味混合而成。

例如,将一根枝条放在你的鼻子下,每天两次吸气1520秒,然后想想玫瑰是什么味道,并试着记住它。将视觉图像与这些气味颗粒的气味结合起来,可以迅速让嗅觉开始工作。

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一些临床试验中使用的香精,以帮助确定患者在感染新冠肺炎后的嗅觉。

研究人员相信,有关嗅觉丧失的故事会让普通公众对嗅觉有了新的理解。

他们表示,人们可能不会意识到在日常工作生活中嗅觉能力体现在方方面面,直到失去它时,才会认识到它的重要性。

 

论文链接:

https://nature.com/articles/s41588-021-00986-w

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abc5801

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-020-00758-5

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    2022-02-01 ms8000002020716804

    学习一下

    0

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    2022-01-31 chenfang193

    了解了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1665188, encodeId=3a691665188fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=955140199d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#嗅觉丧失#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40199, encryptionId=955140199d1, topicName=嗅觉丧失)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b3625885909, createdName=12498da4m40(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jul 04 02:13:11 CST 2022, time=2022-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906563, encodeId=c419190656324, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=317e5805e9d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58057, encryptionId=317e5805e9d, topicName=新冠患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 01:13:11 CST 2022, time=2022-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189534, encodeId=509a118953467, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35465387413, createdName=ms8000002020716804, createdTime=Tue Feb 01 11:41:22 CST 2022, time=2022-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189423, encodeId=cd5b118942331, content=了解了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Mon Jan 31 09:01:53 CST 2022, time=2022-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189286, encodeId=28ac11892867b, content=杂志Stroke上发表了一篇研究文章,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 12:12:57 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189250, encodeId=9309118925066, content=学会了嗅觉训练帮助患者尽早恢复嗅觉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5eda6488069, createdName=ms3000000333016977, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 07:12:17 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189242, encodeId=f0c111892422c, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 00:46:05 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-30 查查佳佳

    杂志Stroke上发表了一篇研究文章,

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1665188, encodeId=3a691665188fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=955140199d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#嗅觉丧失#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40199, encryptionId=955140199d1, topicName=嗅觉丧失)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b3625885909, createdName=12498da4m40(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jul 04 02:13:11 CST 2022, time=2022-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906563, encodeId=c419190656324, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=317e5805e9d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58057, encryptionId=317e5805e9d, topicName=新冠患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 01:13:11 CST 2022, time=2022-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189534, encodeId=509a118953467, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35465387413, createdName=ms8000002020716804, createdTime=Tue Feb 01 11:41:22 CST 2022, time=2022-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189423, encodeId=cd5b118942331, content=了解了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Mon Jan 31 09:01:53 CST 2022, time=2022-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189286, encodeId=28ac11892867b, content=杂志Stroke上发表了一篇研究文章,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 12:12:57 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189250, encodeId=9309118925066, content=学会了嗅觉训练帮助患者尽早恢复嗅觉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5eda6488069, createdName=ms3000000333016977, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 07:12:17 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189242, encodeId=f0c111892422c, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 00:46:05 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-30 ms3000000333016977

    学会了嗅觉训练帮助患者尽早恢复嗅觉

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1665188, encodeId=3a691665188fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=955140199d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#嗅觉丧失#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40199, encryptionId=955140199d1, topicName=嗅觉丧失)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b3625885909, createdName=12498da4m40(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Jul 04 02:13:11 CST 2022, time=2022-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1906563, encodeId=c419190656324, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=317e5805e9d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新冠患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58057, encryptionId=317e5805e9d, topicName=新冠患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Thu Jun 30 01:13:11 CST 2022, time=2022-06-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189534, encodeId=509a118953467, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=35465387413, createdName=ms8000002020716804, createdTime=Tue Feb 01 11:41:22 CST 2022, time=2022-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189423, encodeId=cd5b118942331, content=了解了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bd891361130, createdName=chenfang193, createdTime=Mon Jan 31 09:01:53 CST 2022, time=2022-01-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189286, encodeId=28ac11892867b, content=杂志Stroke上发表了一篇研究文章,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 12:12:57 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189250, encodeId=9309118925066, content=学会了嗅觉训练帮助患者尽早恢复嗅觉, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5eda6488069, createdName=ms3000000333016977, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 07:12:17 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1189242, encodeId=f0c111892422c, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sun Jan 30 00:46:05 CST 2022, time=2022-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-30 学医无涯

    学习一下

    0

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