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Nature: 突变导致相分离发生紊乱进而引起Rett综合征

2020-08-10 YQ BioArt

Rett综合征是一种以女性发病为主的神经系统发育障碍疾病, 属于X染色体连锁神经发育性疾病该病。该疾病在女性中的发病率为1/15000~1/10000, 临床特征表现为智力低下、语言功能丧失等。

Rett综合征(Rett syndrome,RTT)是一种以女性发病为主的神经系统发育障碍疾病, 属于X染色体连锁神经发育性疾病该病。该疾病在女性中的发病率为1/15000~1/10000, 临床特征表现为智力低下、语言功能丧失、手部刻板动作、步态异常等,目前对于该疾病临床上尚无有效的治疗手段。

近年来的研究表明,Rett综合征与X染色体上的甲基化CpG结合蛋白2(MeCP2)基因的突变密切相关。MeCP2有两个主要的结构功能域,甲基化DNA结合域(methyl-DNA binding domain, MBD)和转录抑制域( Transcription repression domain, TRD),甲基化DNA结合域可以结合甲基化的DNA,转录抑制域可以通过募集转录抑制复合物抑制基因表达。该蛋白的序列除了MBD 外,在MBD的两端各有一个较长的IDR 区域。Rett综合征病人MeCP2基因的突变大多数都集中在MBD 以及N断的IDR区域。目前对于该基因的突变如何导致Rett综合征的发生发展的机制并不明确。

近日,来自MIT的Richard A. Young课题组在Nature杂志发表了题为MeCP2 links heterochromatin condensates and neurodevelopmental disease的文章,从相分离的角度阐述了MeCP2突变导致Rett综合征的可能原因,为该疾病的治疗手段的开发,提供了新的思路。

作者发现首先在小鼠的ESC 细胞中,证实了内源表达水平的MeCP2能够发生相分离,形成“液滴”,能够在荧光漂白后迅速恢复。当作者在体外纯化MeCP2后,发现在体外MeCP2也能够发生相分离形成“液滴”,并且这种“液滴”可以相互融合,在荧光漂白后迅速恢复。并且这种“液滴”在加入DNA后,会募集DNA,并且甲基化修饰的DNA会显着促进MeCP2的相分离。

作者进一步研究了介导该蛋白发生相分离的结构域,发现该蛋白的C端以及N端各有一个IDR区域,可能介导了该蛋白发生相分离。对这两个IDR区域的截断以及体外的相分离实验证实,靠近C端的IDR区域对于MeCP2的相分离起着重要的作用,当截断靠近C端的IDR区域后,MeCP2蛋白无论在体外还是体外都无法发生相分离,并且失去了抑制转录的活性。另外,作者证实了MeCP2的MDB结构域对于MeCP2的相分离有促进作用。由于导致Rett综合征的MeCP2的突变都集中在MDB以及靠近C短的IDR区域上,作者推测,突变的MeCP2导致Rett综合征的发生是否是由于这些突变影响了MeCP2的相分离,因此导致了疾病的发生。

作者的实验证实,这一系列的突变都显着降低了MeCP2发生相分离的能力。体内的实验证实,这种突变导致MeCP2在体内的相分离发生紊乱,导致染色质结构、异染色质区域的变化,从而导致大量的基因转录水平的变化。这种变化与Rett综合征患者细胞水平的变化一致。

基于上述的实验结果,作者提出了这样一个模型,MeCP2通过其IDR区域以及MBD与DNA结合,共同促进了MeCP2蛋白的相分离。Rett综合征患者的MeCP2发生突变后,其发生相分离的能力显着降低,导致细胞内的易染色质区域的变化,从而导致相关基因转录的异常,导致疾病的发生。结合该研究为后续的相关的治疗手段的开发提供了全新的思路:基于调控相分离的药物开发可能为神经系统疾病的治疗提供新的思路。

早在今年年初,生物物理所李国红课题组和清华大学李丕龙课题组就在Cell Research杂志发表了题为 Rett syndrome-causing mutations compromise MeCP2-mediated liquid–liquid phase separation of chromatin(https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0288-7)的文章(详见BioArt报道:李国红/李丕龙合作揭示引起Rett综合征的突变削弱了MeCP2介导的染色质液-液相分离形成),证明了MeCP2可以与核小体串珠形成液-液相分离,而Rett综合征相关的突变减弱或破坏了MeCP2介导的染色质相分离。也证实了Rett综合征相关的突变会影响MeCP2的相分离。

另外,六月份 Cell Discovery 发表了来自中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所陆发隆课题组的Correspondence(Rett mutations attenuate phase separation of MeCP2,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0172-0),也报道了Rett综合征相关的突变会影响MeCP2的相分离。此研究方向确实是一大热点,因此竞争也是激烈而残酷的。从发表时间看,Cell Research最早,Nature这篇文章最迟,但从投稿时间来看,Nature paper是最早,Cell Research最迟。

原始出处:

Charles H Li, Eliot L Coffey, Alessandra Dall'Agnese, et al.MeCP2 links heterochromatin condensates and neurodevelopmental disease.Nature. 2020 Jul 22. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2574-4.

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    2020-10-17 liye789132251
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    2021-06-12 ysjykql
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    2020-08-27 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2020-08-12 zhouqu_8
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    2020-08-10 ms5000002046462755

    受益匪浅

    0

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