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Nat Mat:厉害了!科学家发明心肌修复「创可贴」,有望用微创术解决心梗后心肌坏死大难题

2017-08-21 王鑫英 奇点网

近日,加拿大多伦多大学科学家在心脏修复领域取得了重大突破。他们开发出了类似创可贴药芯大小的心肌细胞组织贴片,尺寸为1cm×1cm×0.1mm,可以用来修复因心肌梗死导致的心肌损伤。

近日,加拿大多伦多大学科学家在心脏修复领域取得了重大突破。他们开发出了类似创可贴药芯大小的心肌细胞组织贴片,尺寸为1cm×1cm×0.1mm,可以用来修复因心肌梗死导致的心肌损伤。


左图是没有被修复的小鼠心脏横切图,可以明显看到心室放大,右侧心肌壁非常薄(心衰
右图是修复后的小鼠心脏横切图,心脏容积小,心脏壁厚实(有力量)

更厉害的是,给受损心脏贴上这个「创可贴」不需要做开胸手术,只需要一个孔径为1mm的管道,即可将这个贴片轻易贴到受损心肌的表面。

心肌组织贴片轻易通过口径为1mm的管道,且穿过后能充分展开

这意味着这是一个微创手术,这可是传统心肌梗死治疗方法不可想象的。将来一旦被用到人身上,患者可能就不用开胸,只需微创手术,就能修复受损的心脏啦!这将大大缩短创伤愈合的时间、减少患者的痛苦!


作者畅想的心肌受损治疗过程:在患者的胸腔插入一根细细的管道,对准心肌受损的部位,将心肌组织贴片注入即可

这项研究成果由加拿大多伦多大学生物医学工程学教授Milica Radisic团队完成。相关的研究成果刊登在顶级期刊《自然材料》上[1]。


Milica Radisic教授

因冠状动脉急性、持续性缺血缺氧所引起的心肌细胞坏死,即心肌梗死,是临床上常见的危急重症,可并发心律失常、休克或心力衰竭,常常危及生命。该病在欧美国家最为常见,随着社会老龄化、生活节奏的加快,心肌梗死也成为我国人民的重大疾病负担。据统计,2014年,我国心肌梗死死亡率城市为55.32/10万,农村为68.6/10万[2]。

在发生心肌梗死后,即使患者被抢救回来,大量心肌细胞的死亡会使心脏上出现“疤痕”,还会让左心室扩大,射血分数降低(代表心脏的收缩能力,值越高,心脏的收缩能力越强),最终导致心脏功能受损。我们的心脏不仅不能自我修复,而且更糟糕的是,死亡的心肌组织会“牵连”周围的肌肉,使得“疤痕”慢慢扩大。由于心脏壁局部变薄,在血流动力学改变的情况下,容易发生室壁瘤和心脏破裂,这无疑给患者埋下了巨大的安全隐患。

如何修复受损的心脏成为许多科学家们的研究重点,相信你也看过不少关于心脏“补丁”的报道。


上图,心肌组织贴片「蜷缩」在口径1mm的试管里
下图,从试管里释放出来的心肌组织贴片

但是,想要利用这些工程化组织去修复心脏,通常需要采取开胸的心内直视手术。Radisic教授认为,这对于心肌梗死的患者来说,手术的风险通常要比可能的益处大。因此,如何突破这个技术障碍,成为她的团队关注的热点。

Radisic团队由一群跨学科的专家组成,他们在使用聚合物支架培育逼真的3D人体组织方面颇有成就。这次的可注入式组织贴片,就建立在之前的工作基础之上。

其中比较重要的研究工作是由华人科学家Boyang Zhang等人于2015年完成的。当时,他同此次研究的第一作者Miles Montgomery一起,开发出了一种由2D网格支架,这种网格支架由POMAC聚合物组成,可在数月内降解。他们将心肌细胞置于这种支架上,给予电流刺激后,心肌细胞收缩,致使支架弯曲[3]。

Miles Montgomery(左)和Boyang Zhang(右)

虽然,他们可以用这种2D网格支架构建多达三层的人工组织,但是毕竟能够发挥正常生理功能,还需要考虑人工组织的3D结构。在Zhang和Montgomery的共同努力下,他们又发明了名为AngioChip的3D芯片。

这是一个完整的三维结构芯片,由一系列薄层构成,其内部通道完整,可以让细胞附着生长。他们利用这种芯片,构建了心脏仿真模型。相关的研究结果,同样刊登在了2016年的《自然材料》上[4]。

跳动的仿真心脏

然而,利用这两款支架开发的人工心脏组织只是用于药物研发的测评。利用人工培育的组织修复损伤器官,才是Radisic团队的最终目标。在Montgomery的不懈努力下,经过无数次的失败,他花了将近3年的时间,终于开发出了这款注入式而非植入式的心脏贴片!

这款支架,依然采用POMAC聚合物为材料,与他们之前开发的两款心脏支架不同的是,由于它的网状结构特征,它能够“记住”自己的形状,在经过1mm的移液管口压缩后,依然能恢复到原来的形状。

研究人员首先将大鼠的心肌细胞,在这种支架上培养7天,让心肌细胞具有收缩能力。为了便于观察,他们让心肌细胞发出绿色荧光,让支架发出红色荧光。在体外研究中发现,经过1mm移液管压缩再伸展的贴片心肌细胞,与压缩前的心肌细胞相比,其数量和活性不受影响。


注射前(左)、注射后(右),心肌细胞数量和活性不受影响

接下来,研究人员分别采用微创的注入式和大创口的植入式两种方式,将心肌贴片转移到大鼠的皮下,比较了两种移植方式对贴片的影响以及大鼠对贴片的宿主反应。

经CT扫描发现,大鼠体内的注入的心肌贴片体积比植入的体积小30%,这可能是由于贴片自发展开不完全造成的。在移植贴片7天后,两种移植方式中,血管内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞水平相当,与促进愈合和利于植入物生存相关的巨噬细胞(M2)水平也相当,而注入的贴片心肌细胞量相对更高!


四张图依次表示心肌细胞、内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞;黑色为注入式,白色为植入式

紧接着,研究人员采用一种针对大鼠来说微创的方式,将心肌贴片注入到心肌梗塞模型大鼠中,并对大鼠的心脏功能恢复进行了评估。

他们发现,在注入贴片的第3周,与不接受贴片的大鼠相比,注入贴片的大鼠左心室射血分数明显提高了。在第5周,注入贴片的大鼠心脏收缩压更高、左心室容积更小。第6周,将大鼠的心脏取出,进行更直观的形态学检测发现,注入贴片的大鼠心脏壁的厚度增加、心肌损伤扩张更小。这都表明贴片修复了大鼠的部分心脏功能!

上图,没有修复的小鼠心脏横切图
下图,修复后的小鼠心脏横切图

为了验证这个微创植入贴片的手术能否在大型哺乳动物身上完成,研究人员决定在心脏体积跟人类差不多的猪身上试一试。他们给人多能干细胞来源的组织贴片加上翅膀(形状跟创可贴差不多,详见下方视频),这样操作起来更方便。通过特制的胸腔镜设备,并采用一种纤维蛋白胶粘合贴片,成功将贴片注入到了跳动的猪心脏上!并且这些接受手术的猪并没有出现心律失常、出血、气胸等并发症!

惊喜的同时,我们必须看到,这种材料能进行临床试验之前,还有很长的路要走。

Radisic团队正在与其他研究人员进行合作,以评估贴片的长期稳定性以及这种心脏功能的改善是否可以维持。他们还申请了发明专利,也探索在其他器官(如肝脏)中使用贴片。

Radisic教授表示:“虽然这种补丁不能使心脏完全恢复健康,但如果可以在人类中完成,将大大提高患者的生活质量!”

我们期待这种组织贴片技术尽快完善,早日应用于临床,给患者带来实际的用处!

原始出处:

[1]Miles Montgomery,Samad Ahadian,Locke Davenport Huyer,et al.Flexible shape-memory scaffold for minimally invasive delivery of functional tissues.doi:10.1038/nmat4956

[2] 陈伟伟,高润霖,刘力生,等. 血管病报告2015》概要&rsv_bp=0&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&rsv_spt=3&ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_sug2=1&sc_f_para=sc_tasktype%3D%7BfirstSimpleSearch%7D&rsv_n=2">《中国心血管病报告2015》概要. 中国循环杂志, 2016, 31: 624-632.

[3] Zhang B, Montgomery M, Davenport-Huyer L, et al. Platform technology for scalable assembly of instantaneously functional mosaic tissues[J]. Science advances, 2015, 1(7): e1500423.

[4] Zhang B, Montgomery M, Chamberlain M D, et al. Biodegradable scaffold with built-in vasculature for organ-on-a-chip engineering and direct surgical anastomosis[J]. Nature materials, 2016, 15(6): 669.

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    2018-04-02 lfyang
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    2018-02-18 liye789132251
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    2017-08-23 vera_1203
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    2017-08-23 millore

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