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Neurology:内囊预警综合征的血压管理,升还是降?

2018-06-11 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

血压是公认的卒中危险因素。不过,血压对腔隙性卒中的证据是矛盾的。一些研究发现既往高血压在腔隙性卒中患者中最常见,它是腔隙性卒中患者卒中复发最强的预测因子。但是其他研究显示在腔隙性卒中和非腔隙性卒中中,高血压的流行病学数据是相同的。不过,以前大部分研究都是基于医院的;大多数研究都仅仅采用了高血压病史或发病前或发病后几年的单次血压;一些研究纳入了影像上陈旧性或静止性腔隙患者;尚无研究专门探讨血压暂时变


血压是公认的卒中危险因素。不过,血压对腔隙性卒中的证据是矛盾的。一些研究发现既往高血压在腔隙性卒中患者中最常见,它是腔隙性卒中患者卒中复发最强的预测因子。但是其他研究显示在腔隙性卒中和非腔隙性卒中中,高血压的流行病学数据是相同的。不过,以前大部分研究都是基于医院的;大多数研究都仅仅采用了高血压病史或发病前或发病后几年的单次血压;一些研究纳入了影像上陈旧性或静止性腔隙患者;尚无研究专门探讨血压暂时变化对发生卒中的影响。

在以前的研究中,我们的数据显示深部脑出血与发病前近期血压升高的关系更加密切,而不是脑叶出血。因此,我们推测腔隙性卒中vs非腔隙性卒中与血压也存在这种关系。 这并不是不可能,因为发病前短暂血压变化最常见于年轻患者,血压和小血管病有关,早期以年轻人为主的尸体解剖研究发现高血压和腔隙性卒中有关,病理上慢性动脉硬化或动脉粥样硬化更常见于老年人。

因为缺乏相关类似研究,2018年5月来自英国牛津大学的Linxin Li等在Neurology上公布了他们的研究结果,他们利用牛津血管研究(OXVASC)的数据比较急性腔隙TIA或卒中(vs非腔隙性TIA或卒中)发病前的血压趋势。

OXVASC是一项正在进行中的基于人群TIA/缺血性卒中的研究,作者读取了腔隙vs非腔隙事件(按照TOAST卒中分型,以年龄<65岁和>=65岁进行分类)患者发病前的血压记录,该血压记录为一级预防15年期间的记录。

共2085例患者,1250例为卒中,835例为TIA,其中309例为腔隙事件。在年龄<65的493例患者中,腔隙事件和非腔隙事件诊断高血压的比例没有差异(46 [48.4%] vs 164 [41.2%], p = 0.20),但是在腔隙事件(vs非腔隙事件)的患者中发病前血压的平均值/SD更高(15-年记录:SBP 138.5/17.7 vs 133.3/15.0 mm Hg, p = 0.004; DBP 84.1/9.6 vs 80.9/8.4 mm Hg, p = 0.001),主要是因为事件前5年期间腔隙事件(vs非腔隙事件)的平均血压更高(SBP 142.6/18.8 vs 134.6/16.6 mm Hg, p = 0.0001; DBP 85.2/9.7 vs 80.6/9.0 mm Hg, p < 0.0001),可以发现较高的血压导致事件的趋势(ptrend = 0.006)(事件前30天内SBP:腔隙事件152.7/16.1 vs 非腔隙事件135.3/23.1mmHg, p = 0.009; 腔隙事件DBP 87.9/9.4 vs 非腔隙事件80.8/12.8mmHg, p = 0.05; 事件前1年内平均血压: 腔隙事件SBP 145.8/22.0 vs 非腔隙事件SBP 134.7/16.1 mm Hg, p = 0.001; 腔隙事件DBP 86.1/10.7 vs 非腔隙事件DBP 80.4/9.8 mm Hg, p = 0.0001)。事件前5年内腔隙事件组的最高血压更高(腔隙事件SBP 173.7/26.6 vs 非腔隙事件SBP 158.6/23.2 mm Hg, p = 0.0001; 腔隙事件DBP 102.3/12.9 vs 非腔隙事件DBP 94.2/11.2mmHg, p < 0.0001),腔隙事件组血压持续升高者的比例更高((≥50% SBP >160mmHg,

odd ratio 4.95, 95% CI 1.99–12.31, p = 0.0002)。不过,在年龄>=65岁的患者中没有发现类似的差异。

最终作者认为发病前近一段时间的血压管理与年轻人急性腔隙事件明显相关,提示血压是腔隙事件的直接原因,因此需要立即控制血压。

译者注:

临床上经常碰到类似的患者,无高血压病史的年轻人(一般无颅内动脉粥样硬化),因为各种原因导致一过性高血压,结果发生了内囊或桥脑腔隙性梗死。这种病人的机制一直不清楚,本文证实一过性高血压可能是导致腔隙性梗死的机制。也曾经碰到过几例反复TIA(内囊预警综合征)的患者,发作间期血压正常,每次发作前头部不适,测血压急剧升高,随后就再发一次TIA,甚至内囊或桥脑梗死。

这是一个很有意思的研究,首次证明年轻人血压的一过性升高可以导致腔隙性事件(包括TIA和卒中),其病理机制可能为急性高血压诱导穿支动脉脂透明样变性或急性纤维素样坏死。

如果血压继续升高,将会发生脑出血,所以对于年轻人脑出血和腔隙事件的病理生理机制也许是类似的。

这类患者的急性期血压如何管理?也许和脑出血一样,早期积极降压能够获益(INTERACT 2)。CATIS研究亚组分析发现腔隙性卒中有可能从早期降压中获益,支持这个假说。

有人建议,内囊预警综合征的患者应该保持较高的血压和较高的灌注。但是,伴随血压急剧升高并且无颅内动脉粥样硬化的内囊预警综合征患者采取积极降压治疗也许能够获益。

文献出处:

Li L ,et al.Time course of blood pressure control prior to lacunar TIA and stroke: Population-based study.Neurology. 2018 May 15;90(20):e1732-e1741. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005526. Epub 2018 Apr 18.

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    2018-06-12 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢

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