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牙周感染引起硬膜下脓肿1例

2019-06-10 刘永杰 袁益光 刘文斌 中国临床神经外科杂志

男,68岁。因突发意识不清伴右侧肢体抽搐6 h入院。发病前无明确外伤史。既往6个月前曾行左侧第2磨牙拔除术,术后继发牙周感染;3个月前行左侧下颌皮肤脓肿切开引流术,伤口愈合不良,长期使用抗生素。

1. 病例资料
 
男,68岁。因突发意识不清伴右侧肢体抽搐6 h入院。发病前无明确外伤史。既往6个月前曾行左侧第2磨牙拔除术,术后继发牙周感染;3个月前行左侧下颌皮肤脓肿切开引流术,伤口愈合不良,长期使用抗生素
 
入院时体格检查:体温37.2 ℃,血压140/90 mmHg;左下颌见一约2 cm×2 cm大小肿物,皮肤红肿,皮温高,按压无脓性分泌物;构音障碍,定向力减退,双侧瞳孔等大等园,直径3 mm,对光反射灵敏,无眼震,额纹对称,右侧鼻唇沟浅,口角左偏,右口角抽搐,伸舌不配合;右上肢肌力Ⅱ级,右下肢Ⅲ级,右侧肢体抽搐,颈强直,右侧Babinski征阳性。
 
头部CT示左额颞部颅骨内板下见弧形稍高密度影,邻近脑沟、脑回受压,左侧脑室受压,中线结构右偏。血常规:白细胞19.2×109/L,中性粒细胞占92%。血糖6.7 mmol/L。
 
入院初步诊断:左侧额颞部硬膜下脓肿?血肿?左下颌脓肿。入院后,静脉滴注头孢曲松钠、甲硝唑抗感染治疗。第2天,全麻下行左额颞部钻孔引流术,术中诊断为硬膜下脓肿,引流出灰白色稀薄脓液约40 ml;术中探查左下颌脓肿,见脓肿与口腔内相通,上颌窦下壁受侵犯,彻底清除面部及口腔内脓肿。术后继续静脉滴注头孢曲松钠、替硝唑等抗感染治疗。
 
术后第2天复查头颅CT见左额颞部颅骨内板下弧形密度影消失,邻近脑沟、脑回轻度受压减轻,中线结构居中。术中脓液培养未见细菌生长。术后复查血常规:白细胞13.1×109/L,中性粒细胞占83%。术后腰椎穿刺术测压为180 mmH2O。
 
脑脊液检查:细胞总数0.2×106/L,白细胞0.8×108/L,蛋白0.46 g/L,糖3.4 mmol/L,氯化物114 mmol/L。术后第4天引流管无明显液体流出,拔除引流管。继续应用抗生素至术后2周,体温逐渐正常,面部伤口未见脓液流出。术后3个月随访,神志清楚,言语欠清晰,右侧鼻唇沟浅,左面部伤口已愈合,右上肢肌力Ⅲ级,右下肢肌力Ⅳ级,左侧肢体肌力Ⅴ级,四肢肌张力正常,未再发生抽搐,复查头颅CT脓肿未见复发。
 
2. 讨论
 
硬膜下脓肿约占颅内细菌性感染的13%~23%,男性多于女性,高发年龄为10~40岁,病死率在14%~28%,而存活者多遗留偏瘫、癫痫、失语等后遗症。在婴幼儿,硬膜下脓肿通常由化脓性脑膜炎引起;在成人,则多继发于副鼻窦炎、中耳乳突炎等邻近组织感染。本文病人为拔牙后牙周感染引起硬膜下脓肿。
 
分析原因为:上颌前磨牙和磨牙的牙根紧临上颌窦下壁,牙周感染后形成的脓肿可侵蚀上颌窦下壁造成骨质破坏,脓液突入上颌窦,引起化脓性感染,感染通过鼻窦之间的通道扩散到其他副鼻窦,通过骨质侵蚀引起颅底骨髓炎,或通过血栓性静脉炎使脓毒性栓子进入颅内,引起硬膜下脓肿。早期无特征性表现,典型表现为发热、鼻窦炎、神经功能缺损等硬膜下脓肿三联征。颅脑CT及MRI是硬膜下脓肿的主要诊断方法。
 
CT表现为颅骨内板下脑表面新月型低密度影,常伴有周围脑组织水肿,强化后为脓肿周围环形强化,还可显示鼻窦相关病变。MRI能够敏感地显示出脑内实质性异常,增强MRI是最敏感的检查方法。DWI可以显示早期硬膜下脓肿,并能同硬膜下血肿、硬膜下积液相鉴别。对于影像诊断困难者可取活检行病理检查,并行细菌培养明确诊断。硬膜下脓肿的治疗方式主要是应用敏感抗生素、手术清除脓肿、应用抗癫痫药物预防癫痫等治疗。
 
抗生素推荐使用苯唑西林加头孢曲松或头孢噻肟加甲硝唑的治疗方案,如为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌则应用万古霉素,效果不佳,则选用利奈唑胺。手术分为开颅脓肿清除术、钻孔置管冲洗引流术、内镜下脓肿清除术。明确诊断后,手术应在72 h内进行,超过72 h手术,病死率、致残率明显增加。治疗过程中,应邀请耳鼻喉科、口腔科等多学科协作。在硬膜下脓肿清除后,请相关科室对原发病灶的清理,可减少复发,改善预后。
 
原始出处:

刘永杰,袁益光,刘文斌,李东蛟,狄超,夏鹤春.牙周感染引起硬膜下脓肿1例[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2018(05):382.

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