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阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛…..抗血小板药物全面总结!

2021-12-16 small year MedSci原创

如何合理使用抗血小板药物成为关键。

一直以来,抗血小板药物是心血管临床常用且必不可少的治疗药物,常用的药物主要有氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛和阿司匹林等。然而,随着研究的不断深入,长期使用抗血小板药物容易出现抵抗现象和出血风险。 那么,如何合理使用抗血小板药物成为关键。

抗血小板药物药理机制

已有抗血小板药物的作用机制常常是阻止产生第二信使(如 TXA2),抑制由可溶性激动剂( P2Y12PAR1)激活的受体,或者是阻断纤维蛋白原和其他配体与GPIIb/IIIa的结合。

常用抗血小板药物药理机制. 来源:《常用口服抗血小板药物不耐受及低反应性人群诊疗专家共识

抗血小板药物汇总

目前,临床上抗血小板药物种类繁多,分别作用于血小板血栓形成过程中的不同阶段,抑制相关受体或酶,达到抗血小板的作用。在临床上应用的抗血小板药物主要包括3类:阿司匹林、P2Y12 受体拮抗剂和糖蛋白IIb/ IIIa(GPIIb/IIIa)受体拮抗剂。

一、阿司匹林

阿司匹林不可逆性抑制血小板环 氧化酶一1,从而阻止血栓烷A2的形成,达到抑制血 小板活化和聚集的作用。但阿司匹林对其他激动剂 (如胶原、二磷酸腺苷)所致血小板聚集无影响。

阿司匹林使用剂量,如需负荷剂量为300 mg,长期治疗的 推荐剂量为75100 md。阿司匹林常见的不良反应是胃肠 道不适和消化道出血,出血危险与剂量相关。少数 还可发生过敏反应,主要表现为哮喘、荨麻疹。尽量 避免同时使用非甾体类抗炎药物,尤其是布洛芬可 影响阿司匹林的抗血小板作用。联合其他抗血小板和抗凝药物时,出血危险增加。

阿司匹林禁忌证,包括出血性疾病;活动性出血,如重要脏器的出血(颅内出血、胃肠道出血、泌尿生殖系统出 血等);活动性消化性溃疡;严重控制不良的高血 压;严重过敏反应或不能耐受(表现为哮喘及鼻息肉)等。

二、P2Y12 受体拮抗剂

P2Y12 受体参与完成 ADP 诱导的血小板聚集过程,这个过程由P2Y12受体激活开始,血小板激活、 分泌、聚集,最终形成稳定的血栓。在该过程中, P2Y12 受体主要参与 ADP 释放导致的瀑布效应,在 1 期凝血中发挥着重要作用。

目前,P2Y12受体拮抗剂主要包括噻吩吡啶(氯吡格雷、普拉格雷)和非噻吩吡啶类(替格瑞洛),其中替格瑞洛属于新型可逆性 P2Y12 受体拮抗剂。

对抗血小板作用强度,替格瑞洛要高于氯吡格雷。有研究显示,与氯吡格雷相比,替格瑞洛起效更快,与 P2Y12 受体可逆性结 合,使得停药后接受手术的等待时间更短,同时受个体基因差异影响较小。 另外,普拉格雷是第三代噻吩并吡啶类抗血小板药物,2009 年被 FDA 批准,普拉格雷也是一种前药,但仅需细胞色素 P450 酶的一步转化即可产生活性代谢产物,因此起效更快。

图片

急性期口服P2Y12受体拮抗剂间的转换流程.(来源:2017年ESC DAPT指南)

 

图片

慢性期口服P2Y12受体拮抗剂间的转换流程.(来源:2017年ESC DAPT指南)

三、糖蛋白IIb/ IIIaGPIIb/IIIa)受体拮抗剂

血小板活化后,会使 GPIIb/IIIa 转化成为活化位点,通过与纤维蛋白原或其他配体相结合的方式介 导血小板的聚集,临床上主要的药物为替罗非班。

替罗非班竞争性抑制纤维蛋白原和血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体的结合,抑制血小板聚集,其抑制作用与剂量成正比。替罗非班采用静脉注射给药,用于防止PCI后的血栓形成,尤其适用于ST 段升高的心肌缺血患者。

替罗非班主要的不良反应是出血及血小板减少症。严重肾功能不全患者应用时其血浆清除率可降低50%以上。禁忌症为活动性出血、血小板减少症者禁用,颅内肿瘤、动静脉畸形或动脉瘤者禁用,用前1个月内有中风史或有出血性中风发作者及大型手术治疗者禁用。过敏者禁用。

四、其他抗血小板药物

除了以上常用的抗血小板药物,还有一些其他药物,比如磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、血栓烷合成酶抑制剂、血小板腺苷环化酶刺激剂以及5-HT受体抑制剂等。另外,医药工作者积极寻找新的药物靶点,一 系列抗血小板药物正在开展临床试验,有望为血栓疾病患者提供更佳的治疗方案。

综上,抗血小板药物作为抗栓治疗的重要支柱,是治疗各种心脑血管疾病的重要工具。在抗栓治疗过程中,需要掌握各种抗血小板药物的作用机制,进而能合理用药。

参考资料

1.孙双勇, 靳京, 孔晓华,. 抗血小板药物研究进展及新靶点药物的发现[J]. 药物评价研究, 2021, 44(1):9.

2.霍勇, 王拥军, 谷涌泉,. 常用口服抗血小板药物不耐受及低反应性人群诊疗专家共识[J]. 中华心血管病杂志:网络版, 2021(1):13.

3.佚名. 稳定性冠心病口服抗血小板药物治疗中国专家共识[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 2016, 44(002):104-111.

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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a2125466955, createdName=首字母L, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 09:58:03 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081025, encodeId=c103108102562, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9b525467689, createdName=ms2000000783070069, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 08:17:22 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-17 赛华佗
  4. 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  5. 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  6. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a2125466955, createdName=首字母L, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 09:58:03 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081025, encodeId=c103108102562, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9b525467689, createdName=ms2000000783070069, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 08:17:22 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-17 ms2000001957642894

    帮助很大

    0

  7. 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    2021-12-17 ms3000000246239047

    学习了

    0

  8. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a2125466955, createdName=首字母L, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 09:58:03 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1081025, encodeId=c103108102562, content=👍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9b525467689, createdName=ms2000000783070069, createdTime=Fri Dec 17 08:17:22 CST 2021, time=2021-12-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-17 李肖晴

    学习

    0

  9. 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    2021-12-17 首字母L

    学到了

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  10. 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    2021-12-17 ms2000000783070069

    👍

    0

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