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Lancet :全球生育率持续下降,2100年中国将仅有7亿人口,非洲逐渐崛起,人类或将迎来新世界

2021-03-23 “iNature”微信公众号 “iNature”微信公众号

全球生育率持续下降

了解未来人口水平的潜在模式对于预测和规划不断变化的年龄结构,资源和医疗保健需求以及环境和经济形势至关重要。未来的生育率模式是估计未来人口规模的关键输入,但它们周围充斥着巨大的不确定性以及估计和预测方法的差异,导致全球人口预测存在重大差异。在许多国家,不断变化的人口规模和年龄结构可能会对经济,社会和地缘政治产生深远的影响。

近期,华盛顿大学Stein Emil Vollset等人在国际顶级医学期刊Lancet 在线发表题为”Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study“的研究论文,该研究发现全球人口预计在2064年达到97.3亿的峰值,到2100年下降到87.9亿。亚洲、中欧和东欧将成为人口缩减速度最快的地区,中国、日本、韩国、意大利等23个国家和地区的人口数量将减少为原来的一半。

2100年五个最大国家的参考预测是印度(10.9亿),尼日利亚(7.91亿),中国(7.32亿),美国(3.36亿)和巴基斯坦(2.48亿)。研究结果还表明,到2100年,世界许多地区的年龄结构正在发生变化,年龄在65岁以上的个体为23.7亿,而年龄在20岁以下的个体为17.0亿。 预计到2035年,中国将成为最大的经济体。

总之,研究结果表明,女性受教育程度和获得避孕措施的持续趋势将加速生育率下降和人口增长缓慢。如果总生育率(TFR)持续低于2.1,包括日本,印度及韩国在内的许多国家,将产生经济,社会,环境和地缘政治后果。在未来几年中,在持续和增强女性生殖健康的同时,适应持续低生育率的政策选择将至关重要。

人口预测是政府,企业,非政府组织和个人的重要计划和风险管理工具。政府需要短期和中期方案来估计对学校,医院和其他公共服务的需求;帮助为基础设施投资提供长期利益;为未来的劳动力规划必要的技能和知识;并明智地投资于健康研究和开发资源。政府需要长期的人口增长情况,以了解潜在的环境,军事,地缘政治和其他风险,并实施预防或缓解策略。对于从事具有长期回报的投资的企业(如制药业和与重型基础设施项目相关的产业),人口预测同样重要。同样,个人将来可能会对人口产生深深的关注:是否会有足够的工人缴税以支持退休人员的养老金和医疗福利?人口变化会增强全球和国家安全与稳定,还是使社会更加不稳定?

自1950年代以来,世界人口预测的主要提供者是联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部的人口司(UNPD),该司现在按5年日历间隔(例如2095- 2100)。自1950年代以来,UNPD进行预测以及制定预测的方法已经发生了很大变化。2010年,UNPD采用了一种新的统计方法来预测生育率,2012年采用了一种新的统计方法来预测死亡率。而这些重要组成部分的方法现在是基于适合过去数据的统计模型进行的。UNPD的最新预测仅将时间作为决定生育率和死亡率的未来轨迹的决定因素。

1990年至2100年全球和撒哈拉以南非洲的总生育率(图源自Lancet )

全球人口预测似乎主要取决于两个关键问题:撒哈拉以南非洲地区生育率下降的速度,以及当生育率降至总生育率(TFR)低于2·1(传统上被认为是最低生育率)以下的国家时会发生什么人口的世代更替(更替水平)。维特根斯坦中心的参考人口情景假设,到2200年,低生育率国家将缓慢收敛到TFR为1·75。UNPD将一个模型应用于选定的一些低生育率国家,这些国家的生育率已达到替代水平。这导致了一个模型,该模型预测了生育率趋向于1·75。

2017年按GDP总量排名前25位的经济体以及2030、2050和2100年的参考情景(图源自Lancet )

过渡后生育率是指经历了人口统计学家所说的人口转变的国家和地区的生育率。从高死亡率和高生育率到低死亡率和低生育率。在生育率低于替代水平的社会中,对TFR进行建模的挑战是由低水平的TFR波动引起的。然而,这种可变模式是,很大程度上是因为TFR是对假设的15岁女性队列进行的一项测量,该队列接受了当今观察到的特定年龄的生育率,并且没有死亡率。

在这项研究中,解决了这些先前的预测工作的局限性。该研究开发了统计模型,以了解50岁时的完整队列生育率(CCF50)和特定年龄的生育率与受教育程度和避孕要求的关系,现代避孕方法已满足避孕需求的育龄人口中妇女的比例。最后,该研究开发了一个不确定的统计模型,直到2100年,净迁移率都是不确定的。由于每个模型(死亡率,生育率和迁移率)都有独立的驱动因素,因此该研究探索了与受教育程度和避孕要求的变化快慢相关的替代方案。该研究追踪了本世纪人口变化带来的潜在经济和地缘政治后果。

该研究发现全球人口预计在2064年达到97.3亿的峰值,到2100年下降到87.9亿。亚洲、中欧和东欧将成为人口缩减速度最快的地区,中国、日本、韩国、意大利等23个国家和地区的人口数量将减少为原来的一半。

2100年五个最大国家的参考预测是印度(10.9亿),尼日利亚(7.91亿),中国(7.32亿),美国(3.36亿)和巴基斯坦(2.48亿)。研究结果还表明,到2100年,世界许多地区的年龄结构正在发生变化,年龄在65岁以上的个体为23.7亿,而年龄在20岁以下的个体为17.0亿。 预计到2035年,中国将成为最大的经济体。

总之,研究结果表明,女性受教育程度和获得避孕措施的持续趋势将加速生育率下降和人口增长缓慢。如果TFR持续低于2.1,包括日本,印度及韩国在内的许多国家,将产生经济,社会,环境和地缘政治后果。在未来几年中,在持续和增强女性生殖健康的同时,适应持续低生育率的政策选择将至关重要。

写在最后的总结

全球人口很可能在本世纪末之前达到顶峰。鉴于该研究预测的TFR总趋势会低于1·5,一旦全球人口下降开始,恐怕还会无情地持续下去。在世界总人口下降的情况下,一些国家将通过自由移民政策和社会政策维持其人口,这些政策更加支持女性工作并实现所需的家庭规模。 这些国家可能具有比其他国家更大的总体GDP,并具有稳定的工作年龄人口带来的各种经济,社会和地缘政治利益。该研究的分析表明,对于任何国家或地区,人口统计的未来不都是一成不变的。各国今天奉行的政策可以改变生育,死亡和移民的轨迹。

原始出处:

Stein Emil Vollset, Emily Goren, Chun-Wei Yuan, et al. Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The LancetVol. 396No. 10258p1285–1306Published: July 14, 2020.

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    2021-05-17 howi
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1831084, encodeId=f400183108473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon May 17 19:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=951216, encodeId=c697951216d4, content=到时候我们都去见马克思了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d62558631, createdName=DocA, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 16:44:09 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371390, encodeId=6a0313e1390a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79a7695819a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生育率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69581, encryptionId=79a7695819a, topicName=生育率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 01:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950873, encodeId=8ef79508e3a7, content=所以大家保持好自己的工作能力,将来肯定更抢手, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210302/6b0b2d3a0add41aab0b7131586b1293c/d9a578def59f463dbe18f6b25cd983dc.jpg, createdBy=57862311617, createdName=ilzira, createdTime=Wed Mar 24 22:15:04 CST 2021, time=2021-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1034234, encodeId=28611034234d2, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 13:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950333, encodeId=2bae95033308, content=生育率确实下降了好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210609/8588be583be34b508a2809826a42a66a/a3dbc46f442b4c8ea2f0e0a549926e6b.jpg, createdBy=7d285469957, createdName=ms8000001617345320, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 12:37:26 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-25 DocA

    到时候我们都去见马克思了

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1831084, encodeId=f400183108473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon May 17 19:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=951216, encodeId=c697951216d4, content=到时候我们都去见马克思了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d62558631, createdName=DocA, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 16:44:09 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371390, encodeId=6a0313e1390a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79a7695819a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生育率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69581, encryptionId=79a7695819a, topicName=生育率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 01:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950873, encodeId=8ef79508e3a7, content=所以大家保持好自己的工作能力,将来肯定更抢手, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210302/6b0b2d3a0add41aab0b7131586b1293c/d9a578def59f463dbe18f6b25cd983dc.jpg, createdBy=57862311617, createdName=ilzira, createdTime=Wed Mar 24 22:15:04 CST 2021, time=2021-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1034234, encodeId=28611034234d2, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 13:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950333, encodeId=2bae95033308, content=生育率确实下降了好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210609/8588be583be34b508a2809826a42a66a/a3dbc46f442b4c8ea2f0e0a549926e6b.jpg, createdBy=7d285469957, createdName=ms8000001617345320, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 12:37:26 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-24 ilzira

    所以大家保持好自己的工作能力,将来肯定更抢手

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1831084, encodeId=f400183108473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon May 17 19:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=951216, encodeId=c697951216d4, content=到时候我们都去见马克思了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d62558631, createdName=DocA, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 16:44:09 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371390, encodeId=6a0313e1390a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79a7695819a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生育率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69581, encryptionId=79a7695819a, topicName=生育率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 01:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950873, encodeId=8ef79508e3a7, content=所以大家保持好自己的工作能力,将来肯定更抢手, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210302/6b0b2d3a0add41aab0b7131586b1293c/d9a578def59f463dbe18f6b25cd983dc.jpg, createdBy=57862311617, createdName=ilzira, createdTime=Wed Mar 24 22:15:04 CST 2021, time=2021-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1034234, encodeId=28611034234d2, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 13:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950333, encodeId=2bae95033308, content=生育率确实下降了好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210609/8588be583be34b508a2809826a42a66a/a3dbc46f442b4c8ea2f0e0a549926e6b.jpg, createdBy=7d285469957, createdName=ms8000001617345320, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 12:37:26 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-23 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1831084, encodeId=f400183108473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Mon May 17 19:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=951216, encodeId=c697951216d4, content=到时候我们都去见马克思了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d62558631, createdName=DocA, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 16:44:09 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1371390, encodeId=6a0313e1390a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=79a7695819a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生育率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69581, encryptionId=79a7695819a, topicName=生育率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Thu Mar 25 01:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950873, encodeId=8ef79508e3a7, content=所以大家保持好自己的工作能力,将来肯定更抢手, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210302/6b0b2d3a0add41aab0b7131586b1293c/d9a578def59f463dbe18f6b25cd983dc.jpg, createdBy=57862311617, createdName=ilzira, createdTime=Wed Mar 24 22:15:04 CST 2021, time=2021-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1034234, encodeId=28611034234d2, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 13:45:06 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=950333, encodeId=2bae95033308, content=生育率确实下降了好多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210609/8588be583be34b508a2809826a42a66a/a3dbc46f442b4c8ea2f0e0a549926e6b.jpg, createdBy=7d285469957, createdName=ms8000001617345320, createdTime=Tue Mar 23 12:37:26 CST 2021, time=2021-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-03-23 ms8000001617345320

    生育率确实下降了好多

    0

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