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高选择性、低极性磷酸酶抑制剂

2016-07-14 佚名 美中药源

这周诺华同时在《自然》和《药物化学杂志》发表了他们SHP2抑制剂工作。SHP2是个非常重要的磷酸酶,在很多生物过程中起关键作用,其中包括肿瘤生长和PD-1信号通路。这个被称作蛋白胶水的化合物是SHP2的别构抑制剂,即通过把SHP2固定在一个非活性构象而抑制其功能。这个化合物活性不错(70 nM)、选择性非常高、并且显示细胞和体内活性,是磷酸酶抑制剂研究的重要进展。 磷酸酶是和激酶一样重要的调控

这周诺华同时在《自然》和《药物化学杂志》发表了他们SHP2抑制剂工作。SHP2是个非常重要的磷酸酶,在很多生物过程中起关键作用,其中包括肿瘤生长和PD-1信号通路。这个被称作蛋白胶水的化合物是SHP2的别构抑制剂,即通过把SHP2固定在一个非活性构象而抑制其功能。这个化合物活性不错(70 nM)、选择性非常高、并且显示细胞和体内活性,是磷酸酶抑制剂研究的重要进展。

磷酸酶是和激酶一样重要的调控蛋白,和激酶功能正好相反,所以可以被看作内源性激酶抑制剂。磷酸酶抑制剂开发的最主要障碍是选择性和过膜性。磷酸酶的底物是磷酸化蛋白,其活性口袋主要和磷酸结合,所以高活性配体都极性非常大,选择性也很差。而极性太大则无法通过细胞膜到达靶标所在地。选择性差则很难准确研究磷酸酶的生物功能。最著名的磷酸酶当属糖尿病靶点PTP1B,当年有这个项目的公司比现在有PD-1的公司还多,其中包括诺华,

但是别构抑制剂理论上没有这两个问题,诺华的这个化合物也在实验上证实了这一点。很多激酶和磷酸酶本身处于非活性状态(通常是蛋白分子的调控域与催化域相互结合阻止底物与催化域的结合),需要一定信号改变构象而激活。把蛋白凝固在非活性状态、即媒体宣传的蛋白胶水、并非新概念,第一个激酶抑制剂药物格力卫就是和ABL的非活性构象结合。但是对磷酸酶来说这确实是第一个。

他们的筛选方法比较有趣。作者用一个已知能激活SHP2的多肽把SHP2激活一半,留一半未活化酶,以保持一个容易被打破的动态平衡,增加找到较弱先导物的机会。然后作者用整个蛋白和催化结构域分别筛选一个比较小的化合物库,这样可以只选择别构抑制剂。如果化合物同时抑制整个蛋白和催化域片段则说明是通过与活性口袋结合抑制,但根据以往经验这种抑制剂不多,作者也没报道有多少。作者找到一个12uM的苗头化合物,通过简单优化找到这个有体内活性的先导物。作者通过在细胞中表达失去别构结合能力但依然有催化功能的SHP2令人信服地显示这个化合物的确是通过SHP2起的作用。晶体结构也证明了结合机理。

这个工作的主要亮点是筛选模式,他们只筛选了10万化合物就找到一个不错的先导物。这个先导物可能活性并不突出,但过膜性和选择性远优于以前的磷酸酶抑制剂。如果其它磷酸酶也用这个方式筛选数以亿计的DNA encoded化合物库应该会发现很多性质类似的磷酸酶抑制剂。希望这个工作会重新激发制药界对磷酸酶的兴趣。如果高活性、高选择性、过膜性磷酸酶抑制剂可以较容易发现,磷酸酶或许会成为下一类热门靶点。

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    2017-02-20 jklm09
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