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时隔多年,美国感染病学会发布新版抗生素管理指南

2016-04-15 Mechront&小M MedSci原创

为了应对不断升级的抗生素耐药性,白宫去年发布了一项行动计划,以求到2020年时大幅减少抗生素不当使用。而计划之一就是实施抗生素管理方案(ASPs)。该指导方针由美国医疗保健流行病学学会(SHEA)和美国感染病学会(IDSA)的专家小组起草,4月13日在线发表在Clinical Infectious Diseases上。 文章主要作者、波士顿医疗中心抗生素管理项目主任、马萨诸塞州波士顿

为了应对不断升级的抗生素耐药性,白宫去年发布了一项行动计划,以求到2020年时大幅减少抗生素不当使用。而计划之一就是实施抗生素管理方案(ASPs)。该指导方针由美国医疗保健流行病学学会(SHEA)和美国感染病学会(IDSA)的专家小组起草,4月13日在线发表在Clinical Infectious Diseases上。

文章主要作者、波士顿医疗中心抗生素管理项目主任、马萨诸塞州波士顿大学医学院副教授Tamar Barlam博士称,这份新的指南与2007年发布的抗生素管理指南相比,更加注重于个体化干预。对于抗生素的管理应该按照当地的实际问题、资源和专业知识等进行调整;另外指南建议由包括传染病学家和药剂师在内的医生进行抗生素的管理。

对现有证据进行权衡后,专家小组起草的指南提出了28点建议。小编阅读全文后,现摘取10条建议与各位分享:

1-说教式的教育能有效减少抗生素的使用吗?

专家小组不推荐单纯依靠说教式的教育进行抗生素的管理(弱推荐,低质量证据)。

点评:被动的教育活动如小讲座、信息册子等可以作为抗生素管理的补充形式。在临床前学习和临床过程中,学术医疗中心和教学医院应该对基本的抗生素管理原则进行整合教育。

2-住院患者静脉输注抗生素时,专用的药代动力学(PK)监测和调整方案能否改善临床结局,以及减少花费?

专家小组推荐静脉输注氨基糖甙类抗生素时进行PK监测和方案的调整(强烈推荐,中等质量的证据)。

此外,专家小组认为静脉输注万古霉素时,也可以进行PK监测和方案的调整(弱推荐,低质量证据)。

点评:对药物进行PK监测,进而调整方案,可以降低成本,减少不良事件。ASP应鼓励实施并提供培训和评估能力的支持。并且这些还要整合到日常的药学活动中。

3-住院患者,对于广谱β-内酰胺类和万古霉素,是否应该基于PK或药效学原则倡导替代剂量策略以改善结局,降低成本?

相对标准剂量的广谱β-内酰胺类抗生素的使用,专家小组推荐替代剂量策略,以降低成本(弱推荐,低质量证据)。

点评:虽然这种方法对广谱β-内酰胺类抗生素效果的改善数据有限,不过这种干预措施可降低抗生素相关成本。在实施之前,应该将护理、药学教育、需要专门的静脉通路等问题进行充分的考虑。基于有限的证据,当前还不能对万古霉素的替代剂量治疗方案给出任何建议。

4-增加口服抗生素能否提高疗效,降低成本?

专家小组推荐首次使用抗生素,和静脉输注抗生素转型到口服抗生素的患者,可适当增加口服抗生素(强烈推荐,中等质量的证据)。 

点评:适当增加口服抗生素的使用可降低成本和住院时长。使用相同的抗生素进行静脉输注和口服的转变,并发症会更少一些。这些行为应该被整合到日常药学活动中。ASPs应该实施策略以评估哪些患者能通过口服治疗方案,安全地完成治疗,进而减少静脉输注,避免门诊注射疗法。

5-患者自诉对β-内酰胺类抗生素过敏,为达到改善一线抗生素的使用目标,还需要对患者进行过敏评估吗?

专家小组推荐在适当的时候对这类患者进行过敏评估和青霉素皮肤试验(弱推荐,低质量证据)。

点评:过敏评估和青霉素皮肤试验可提高一线药物的使用,ASPs应该联合供应商一起促进过敏的评估。在进行青霉素皮肤试验时,ASPs应该积极制定测试策略,以及及时对过敏反应进行治疗的策略。

6-应该对减少抗生素治疗的最短有效持续时间实施干预吗?

专家小组推荐ASPs通过实施指南和策略,减少抗生素治疗的最短有效期(强烈推荐,中等质量的证据)。

点评:ASPs应该基于患者制定个体化的治疗时间,包括对特定治疗持续时间的书面指导,以及特定时期特定抗生素的使用等。

7-ASPs应该与微生物实验室协同工作开发分层抗菌谱吗?

专家小组推荐分层抗菌谱协助ASPs制定经验性治疗指南(弱推荐,低质量证据)。

点评:虽然当前分层抗菌谱(如部位、年龄)改善经验性治疗的证据有限,不过分层抗菌谱可以反映易感性的重要差异,协助ASPs制定优化治疗建议和指南。

8-ASPs应该与微生物实验室合作进行选择性或级联的药敏试验结果报告吗?

专家小组推荐对所有测试的抗生素报道抗生素的选择性和级联反应(弱推荐,低质量的证据)。

点评:虽然当前这些策略对处方的直接影响数据是有限的,不过一些选择性或级联报告形式是合理的。实施后,ASPs应该审查处方,以确保没有出现意想不到的后果。

9-对接受抗真菌治疗的免疫功能低下的患者,能否通过ASPs的干预改善利用率和结局?

专家小组推荐对免疫功能低下的患者进行适当的抗真菌治疗(弱推荐,低质量证据)。

点评:免疫功能低下的患者将受益于靶向抗真菌治疗。不过这些干预措施必须在主要团队(如血液肿瘤、实体器官移植供应商)密切合作的情况下进行,且抗生素管理人员需要有抗真菌治疗和真菌诊断的专业知识。

10-在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU),能实施抗生素管理干预措施,以减少抗生素的使用和/或阻力吗?

专家小组推荐对抗生素管理实施干预措施,以减少NICU抗生素的使用和/或阻力。

更多内容请下载指南阅读原文。

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    2016-04-27 1deb5047m95(暂无匿称)

    每次找指南都是去看美国的

    0

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    2016-04-17 xugc
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    2016-04-16 QQ1ffdb393

    增长知识了

    0

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    2016-04-15 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    期待

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1936292, encodeId=72db19362921e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=daa1e60387b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管理指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76038, encryptionId=daa1e60387b, topicName=管理指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIUEDhSibBFt8TicgFCCSBtW10SxVJicDpibTCucns8L1YaiaKpibWOkv8hYpJ0LeTVUH1Ab4sfica9bxiccA/132, createdBy=dd282500126, createdName=ms3830150583600765, createdTime=Sun Feb 26 01:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1670873, encodeId=1a5116e0873b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a83d554391b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素管理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55439, encryptionId=a83d554391b, topicName=抗生素管理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c9c126759283, createdName=lixiao3335, createdTime=Sat Feb 11 10:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=82979, encodeId=a558829e98a, content=每次找指南都是去看美国的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160421/IMG5718DA7F3A12A6443.jpg, createdBy=3d9f1716031, createdName=1deb5047m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Apr 27 00:50:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604316, encodeId=efe3160431631, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=71b95335396' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#感染病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53353, encryptionId=71b95335396, topicName=感染病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=337119178396, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Sun Apr 17 07:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78661, encodeId=2a4be8661ba, content=增长知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/4AA8DCE2045D907DDDEED10E6F59D80C/40, createdBy=50a01711490, createdName=QQ1ffdb393, createdTime=Sat Apr 16 00:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78613, encodeId=f8dbe861327, content=期待, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTK29w9r0upRgxUXHNhe7bd3VxHnhBSpibMbKOjtX92zXr78SkuZfUNuADrjHiaw6uibZaEYjh9cJLzew/132, createdBy=261e1682638, createdName=1de3b290m83(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Apr 15 21:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78546, encodeId=cf9ae85468b, content=文章不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Fri Apr 15 20:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=78547, encodeId=ad59e8547dd, content=值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=240a1683959, createdName=李继凯, createdTime=Fri Apr 15 20:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-15 李继凯

    文章不错

    0

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    2016-04-15 李继凯

    值得关注

    0

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