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在美国,如何成为一名医师?

2015-07-09 林丽云 中国医学论坛报

William D. Surkis, 医学博士,美国内科医师学会会员(FACP),美国宾州费城主线医疗系统蓝科纳(Lankenau)医学中心住院医师培训项目主任 在美国,成为医师的道路可谓漫长!早在高中阶段(9-12年级/14-18岁),取得优异成绩就非常重要,因为优异成绩和丰富课外活动有利于进入一所好大学,从而提高成功进入医学院的机会。美国的本科教育需要4年,很多学生在第3年时参加医学

William D. Surkis, 医学博士,美国内科医师学会会员(FACP),美国宾州费城主线医疗系统蓝科纳(Lankenau)医学中心住院医师培训项目主任

在美国,成为医师的道路可谓漫长!早在高中阶段(9-12年级/14-18岁),取得优异成绩就非常重要,因为优异成绩和丰富课外活动有利于进入一所好大学,从而提高成功进入医学院的机会。美国的本科教育需要4年,很多学生在第3年时参加医学院入学考试(MCAT),次年开始医学院学习。大学时丰富的课外活动可大大提高医学院申请者的竞争力。

近几年“不走寻常路”的医学院申请者逐渐上升,越来越多申请者在本科毕业之后“休息”一段时间,通过在这段时间参与工作或获取生活经验来提高申请医学院的竞争力。虽然考试成绩非常重要,但大部分美国医学院想招募多才多艺、性格成熟、经验丰富的申请者。美国医学生的平均年龄较过去有所增大。

在美国,医学院(本科医学教育,UGME)学习需要4年。虽然前两年在传统上属于“临床前(pre-clinical)”或理论学习(classroom years)阶段,但医学院由于希望在第3年之前就培养医学生的医患沟通能力以及临床经验,因此以上惯例已发生明显变化。许多医学院校要求学生从第1年初就开始积累临床经验。目前几乎全部美国医学院都要求将模拟患者(patient simulation)作为课程的一部分,并且通过“客观结构化临床考试(OSCEs)” 评估学生在各年级的表现。OSCE采用标准化患者来模拟学生将面临的各种情况和疾病,让他们为诊治真正的患者做好充分准备。

美国大多数医学院的第3年教育由一系列“轮转”组成,让学生接触了解每个科室,一般包括内科(2-3个月)、外科(2-3个月)、妇产科、儿科、精神病科、神经病科和家庭医学。医学院的第4年包含必修的内科、外科或儿科“子实习(Sub-Internships)”或“演习(Acting-Internships)”,以及能够提高申请住院医师项目时个人与项目匹配度的“选修课”。不少四年级学生在医学院学习之外花费至少一两个月的时间来旁听他们感兴趣的主治医师项目。

要获得行医资格,所有医生必须通过“美国医师执照考试(USMLE)”。第1步(Step 1)在医学院第2年后进行,侧重于基础科学。第2步(Step 2)在医学院第4年进行,分为医学知识考试和临床考试,医学知识考试侧重于基本临床知识,而临床考试使用OSCEs和写记录来测试临床推理和沟通技巧。第3步在医学院学习后住院医师培训项目第1年进行,侧重于医学知识和临床知识的实际运用。近年来,考试内容新添了基础科学和生物统计学,以强调科学在医学实践中的重要作用。

在美国,所有医学院毕业生都必须完成住院医师培训项目(医学研究生教育,GME)才能行医。某些住院医师项目更受欢迎,竞争也更激烈,例如皮肤科、眼科、五官科、泌尿科、整形外科、放射肿瘤科和矫形外科。大多数医学生在医学院第3年确定将要申请的专业,但竞争较为激烈的住院医师培训项目申请者不得不早点做决定,以尽早积累对应领域的研究经验,进一步提高课外活动的多样性和质量。

在医学院第4年,也就是最后一年的秋季,医学生使用标准化“电子住院医师申请系统(ERAS)”申请住院医师培训项目。该申请包括他们的简历、医学院成绩单、医学院表现评价[称为MSPE(医学生表现评估)或院长信]、USMLE成绩单、个人陈述、四封推荐信。所有资料通过申请系统一并寄往所申请的住院医师项目。根据所申请专业的难易程度,学生可调整申请项目数量的多少。一般来说,申请家庭医学的学生可能申请10~20个住院医师培训项目,而申请皮肤科专业的学生可能需要申请60~80个项目。

申请者们的申请资料将被审阅,较为优秀者会收到面试机会。一般来说,学业和课外活动令人印象深刻的学生收到的面试通常最多。面试邀请以电子方式发送,之后学生赴约参加面试(有时横跨美国)。典型的面试流程包括住院医师项目介绍幻灯片、医院参观、午餐以及2~3个与教师、项目主任甚至住院医师的面试。

二月初,住院医师项目负责人核查他们已经面试的学生名单,并按照排名顺序确定他们想要最终录取的学生,这被称为“排名单”(Rank List)。正如项目对申请者进行排名,学生也对住院医师项目进行排名。项目和申请者将他们的排名单录入由国家住院医师匹配项目(NRMP)运行的网站。一些更小的专业,包括眼科、整形外科和泌尿科使用另一个更早开启的匹配系统。截止日期后,申请人和项目不可再改动排名单。采用智能电脑“匹配”学生和住院医师项目。直到三月份的第3周的“匹配日”,学生和项目才能知道最终匹配结果。在那一天,美国学生聚在医学院的礼堂(有时与他们的家人),每个人将收到一个未启封的信件。在正午时分,大家一起打开信封查看匹配结果。可想而知,有人欢喜有人愁。

完成住院医师培训之后,医师培训的整个过程已经走完了一大半。对于大多数美国医学生而言,18~22岁进行本科学习,医学院持续4年,之后开始住院医师培训。不同专业有不同的住院医师培训时间。内科、儿科和家庭医学住院医师培训项目需3年完成,外科需5年完成,妇产科需4年完成,而神经外科则需7年完成。一些专业如皮肤科(3年)、眼科(3年)、麻醉(3年)、神经科(3年)和放射肿瘤科(4年)需要学员在开始住院医师培训之前额外完成一年内科实习。

如果住院医师想要成为亚专科医生,则需要进一步申请专科医师培训项目,如心脏科医师(3年以上)、胃肠科医师(3年以上)、心胸外科医师(3年以上)或乳腺外科医师(1年)。这又是另一轮申请、匹配和数年培训的过程。许多美国医师最早在35岁左右才能开始行医!

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    2015-07-10 yydlt

    产出的质量也很高!

    0

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    2015-07-10 yydlt

    的确很严格!

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32215, encodeId=8a27322155f, content=产出的质量也很高!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 10:21:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32214, encodeId=d17d3221438, content=的确很严格!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Fri Jul 10 10:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32050, encodeId=00163205027, content=不一样的方式, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=25b61624599, createdName=xykzfl, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 16:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31972, encodeId=9430319e2ea, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 14:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31973, encodeId=f28f319e3c8, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 14:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31974, encodeId=fe6e319e438, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 14:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31975, encodeId=26aa319e520, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 14:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31976, encodeId=dc24319e6be, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 14:03:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31907, encodeId=b4bd3190e0f, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 13:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31853, encodeId=893b31853e5, content=USMLE, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyhRUzmFEmHvdIaOns4DmF3BicVffXjkOjBTiaMUIA4o7feGvE5IJ0SfSco4ib955Rx7bvWlib7j9V15xp/0, createdBy=814d1631326, createdName=cmn, createdTime=Thu Jul 09 11:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-09 xykzfl

    不一样的方式

    0

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    2015-07-09 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-07-09 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-07-09 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-07-09 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-07-09 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-07-09 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-07-09 cmn

    USMLE

    0

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