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J Biol Chem:抵御细菌感染VS促进癌症发生? 研究者揭示PAD4基因的双面性

2012-05-24 T.Shen 生物谷

癌细胞,科学家提出了一种新的策略:通过重新激活基因可以使得癌症细胞收缩甚至死亡。研究者希望他们的新发现可以为抗癌药物的研发提供一些帮助。(Credit: National Cancer Institute) 近日,来自美国宾州州立大学的研究者提出了一种新的策略:通过重新激活基因可以使得癌症细胞收缩甚至死亡。研究者希望他们的新发现可以为抗癌药物的研发提供一些帮助。相关的研究成果刊登在了近日的国际杂

癌细胞,科学家提出了一种新的策略:通过重新激活基因可以使得癌症细胞收缩甚至死亡。研究者希望他们的新发现可以为抗癌药物的研发提供一些帮助。(Credit: National Cancer Institute)

近日,来自美国宾州州立大学的研究者提出了一种新的策略:通过重新激活基因可以使得癌症细胞收缩甚至死亡。研究者希望他们的新发现可以为抗癌药物的研发提供一些帮助。相关的研究成果刊登在了近日的国际杂志The Journal of Biological Chemistry上。

由研究者Wang Yanming领导的研究小组早期对基因PAD4(肽酰基精氨酸脱亚胺酶 4)进行研究,该基因可以编码生成PAD4酶,以前的研究证明,PAD4基因可以保护机体免受感染。研究者对比了含有正常功能PAD4的小鼠以及缺失该基因的小鼠,发现,当用细胞感染两组小鼠时,正常小鼠可以明显抵御细菌的感染,并且可以杀死30%的有害细菌;然而缺失PAD4的小鼠只能杀死10%的有害细菌。研究者发现含有PAD4基因的细胞可以构建一个有保护性的,免于细菌感染的网络(NET),这个网络可以明显抵抗细菌的感染。

如今,在这项新的研究中,研究者Wang和研究小组成员重点研究PAD4基因的别的效应。PAD4基因是机体免疫系统的关键基因,该基因的高表达却和自身免疫疾病有关,比如风湿性关节炎和多发性硬化症有关。而且在特定的癌症,如乳腺癌、肺癌和骨癌中,PAD4酶的水平是明显升高的。Wang教授表示,我们都知道PAD4基因扮演的是沉默肿瘤抑制基因的作用。因此抑制该基因的功能,将使得肿瘤抑制基因可以有效地抵御癌症。

为了验证这种说法,研究者在患癌小鼠中通过一些小分子来抑制PAD4酶的功能,结果发现,当加入了PAD4酶的抑制剂后,使用化疗药物阿霉素可以明显使肿瘤收缩70%。而且,使用PAD4酶抑制剂不会对健康组织有较大的损伤。当前的化疗药物比如说阿霉素不仅仅攻击肿瘤细胞,而且攻击健康的机体组织。这就是为什么化疗病人遭受着痛苦的副作用,如脱头发、恶心以及体重减轻等。因为PAD4疗法表现出的低毒性和低副作用,这将有可能是替代化学疗法的一种很有希望的癌症疗法。

Wang教授同时解释了PAD4基因的双面性,一方面可以抵御细菌的感染;另一方面,可以抑制肿瘤抑制基因的正常功能。我们的祖先并没有任何抗生素,因此细菌感染很容易引发死亡,尤其是在年轻人中。因此过度活跃的PAD4对于NET网络或者抵御细菌感染表现出优势;但是从另外一方面来讲,如今人类使用了大量的抗生素,我们的确比我们祖先寿命长了很多。但是PAD4的负面效应却可以引发癌症和自身免疫疾病的发生。因此,当前如果过度表达基因PAD4,虽然可以高效地抵御细菌感染,但是同样也增加了我们患癌致死的风险。

这项研究由国立癌症研究院等机构赞助。(生物谷:T.Shen编译)

doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.375725
PMC:
PMID:

Anticancer PAD inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity

Yuji Wang1, Pingxin Li1, Shu Wang1, Jing Hu1, Xiangyun Amy Chen1, Jianhui Wu1, Megan Fisher1, Kira Oshaben1, Na Zhao1, Ying Gu1, Dong Wang2, Gong Chen1 and Yanming Wang1,*

Tumor suppressor genes are frequently silenced in cancer cells by enzymes catalyzing epigenetic histone modifications. The peptidylarginine deiminase family member PAD4 (also called PADI4) is markedly overexpressed in a majority of human cancers, suggesting that PAD4 is a putative target for cancer treatment. Here, we have generated novel PAD inhibitors with low micromolar IC50 in PAD activity and cancer cell growth inhibition. The lead compound YW3-56 alters the expression of genes controlling the cell cycle and cell death, including SESN2 that encodes an upstream inhibitor of the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Guided by the gene expression profile analyses with YW3-56, we found that PAD4 functions as a corepressor of p53 to regulate SESN2 expression by histone citrullination in cancer cells. Consistent with the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibition by SESN2, the phosphorylation of its substrates including p70S6K and 4E-BP1 was decreased. Furthermore, macroautophagy is perturbed after YW3-56 treatment in cancer cells. In a mouse xenograft model, YW3-56 demonstrates cancer growth inhibition activity with little if any detectable adverse effect to vital organs, while a combination of PAD4 and HDAC inhibitors further decreases tumor growth. Taken together, our work found that PAD4 regulates the mTORC1 signaling pathway and PAD inhibitors are potential anticancer reagents that activate tumor suppressor gene expression alone or in combination with HDAC inhibitors.

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    2012-08-05 sunylz
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    2012-08-10 仁者大医
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