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Diabetes:哺乳期营养过剩容易发生长期肥胖和糖尿病

2013-09-27 佚名 丁香园

在过去几十年中,肥胖和糖尿病患病率迅速增长,其速度之快显然不可能以基因改变解释。这一现象促使研究者更深入研究环境因素对肥胖和糖尿病的影响。 诸多理论之中,DOHaD更可合理解释肥胖和糖尿病的加速流行。所谓DOHaD,即疾病与健康的发育起源。该理论认为,早期营养或其他环境条件,尽管仅短期存在于生命起点附近,可对个体产生长期乃至终身影响。广为使用的小窝模型通过减少每窝幼崽的数量

在过去几十年中,肥胖和糖尿病患病率迅速增长,其速度之快显然不可能以基因改变解释。这一现象促使研究者更深入研究环境因素对肥胖和糖尿病的影响。 诸多理论之中,DOHaD更可合理解释肥胖和糖尿病的加速流行。

所谓DOHaD,即疾病与健康的发育起源。该理论认为,早期营养或其他环境条件,尽管仅短期存在于生命起点附近,可对个体产生长期乃至终身影响。广为使用的小窝模型通过减少每窝幼崽的数量来模拟哺乳期间的营养过剩。小窝哺乳虽然近发生于生产后21天,却导致终生的轻度肥胖。长期以来,小窝小鼠或大鼠终生肥胖的原因却一直不很清楚。

由Ge Li和John Kohorst等在2013年8月发表于Diabetes 的文章深入探讨了小窝鼠肥胖的原因。作者首先以实时代谢监测的手段,发现小窝鼠肥胖的原因并非摄食过多,而是能量消耗低于正常水平。进而,低于正常的能量消耗部分的可以由缺乏运动来解释。有趣的是,这种能量消耗和自发运动的差异仅在成年鼠中观察到。【原文下载】

我们知道哺乳动物的能量调控是由能量摄入(进食)和能量消耗(运动等)的平衡来实现的,当天平倾向于高摄入低消耗时即发生肥胖甚至糖尿病。控制饮食和加强运动,哪种手段更能有效预防甚至控制肥胖和糖尿病?我们不断的听到关于该问题不同的声音,这一报道暂时也不可能终止该争议。但至少,该报道提示我们应该给运动和其他方面的能量消耗问题给予更多重视。也许我们该少责怪些麦当劳,多控制一下电视和电脑。当然,也许这一切早在断奶之前就决定了。

有关能量消耗(尤其是自发运动)的中枢调控,目前的研究还远不及摄食调控深入,不过普遍认为下丘脑也同样起着至关重要的作用。鉴于表观遗传学的特征,它一直以来被认为是疾病发育起源最可能的分子机理。

在此报道中,作者首先发现出生当天和出生后21天比较,下丘脑内DNA甲基化有相当大的差异,这表明哺乳期是下丘脑DNA甲基化修饰成熟的重要时期。从另一角度来讲,在哺乳期,下丘脑的DNA甲基化水平也更容易受不同外界环境条件的影响。那么,哺乳期的营养过剩是否会影响下丘脑DNA甲基化水平呢?似乎是的。该文章作者认为,既然小窝饲养可以持续影响代谢水平,那么所谓起分子机理的DNA甲基化也应该是持续的。

实际操作中,该文作者分别在21天和180天比较小窝鼠和对照鼠小丘脑DNA甲基化的区别,仅当该某位点在两个时间点均表现出差异时,才被界定为由小窝哺乳导致的DNA甲基化改变。一次为标准,该文作者并未找到很多差异巨大的DNA甲基化改变,而是在全基因组范围内发现了很多先对弱的DNA甲基化差异。我们对这一结果并不十分意外,毕竟小窝哺乳只是一个相对温和的条件。同时,考虑到DNA甲基化的高度细胞特异性,以及下丘脑的高度异质性,很有可能仅有小部分细胞在小窝哺乳的条件下产生DNA甲基化改变,而这小部分细胞的改变,在检测整体下丘脑的情况下很难完整体现。

总之,该报道从不同层面研究了早期营养过剩导致长期肥胖的机理所在。出生前后这段时期对于多方面发育都是一个关键时期,期间有效的营养管理很可能对预防肥胖和糖尿病起到事半功倍的效果。尽管表观遗传学是目前研究疾病发育起源的首选分子机理,但是其细胞特异性导致表观遗传学研究对组织/细胞的纯度要求远高于传统遗传学研究。

目前的相关研究仅仅提供了一些线索提示表观遗传参与疾病发育起源的过程,若要真正揭示表观遗传的深入机理,还需要更精细的组织分离纯化技术,已经更准确特意的表观遗传学检测手段。


原文下载

Li G, Kohorst JJ, Zhang W, Laritsky E, Kunde-Ramamoorthy G, Baker MS, Fiorotto ML, Waterland RA.Early postnatal nutrition determines adult physical activity and energy expenditure in female mice.Diabetes. 2013 Aug.


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为了评估发作性偏头痛(EM)与肥胖的关系,以及年龄、种族和性别对这种关系的影响,来自美国约翰霍普金斯大学医学院B Lee Peterlin教授及其团队进行了一项研究,该研究发现肥胖个体EM发生风险增加。该研究结果在线发表在2013年9月11日的Neurology杂志上。【原文下载】 该研究中,在美国共病再调查随访的3862例黑人和白人成年受试者中,调查EM与肥胖的关系,以及年龄、种族和性别的影响

Endocrinology:PAQR3在肥胖中的调控功能

中科院上海生科院营养所陈雁研究组在一项研究中,发现并阐明了一个能够调节机体肥胖的关键分子。近日,相关研究论文在线发表于《内分泌学》。【原文下载】 在研究员陈雁的指导下,博士生王玲娣等深入研究了在细胞内高尔基体特异定位蛋白质PAQR3的基因缺失对高脂饮食诱导小鼠发生肥胖、肝脏脂肪变性和胰岛素抵抗等改变的影响。 研究发现,PAQR3基因缺失的小鼠可以抵抗高脂饮食诱导产生的肥胖和肝脏脂肪变性

Am J Gastroenterol:糖尿病和肥胖大大增加肝细胞癌患病风险

2013年8月刊发在The American journal of gastroenterology 杂志上的一项最新研究显示,在美国糖尿病和肥胖所致的肝细胞癌(HCC)患者数量远高于丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染性肝细胞癌患者。因此消除糖尿病和肥胖可更大程度降低HCC发病率。【原文下载】 在美国HCC患者中,糖尿病和肥胖这两种高度相关疾病的合计患病率约为37%.通常来说

肥胖癌症患者预后较差

一项新的研究显示,在身体质量指数(BMI)相似的情况下,肥胖(体重过重)的人不太容易在癌症化疗中康复,其中一个可能的原因是因超重,而未获适量的化疗剂量。 一个新的医疗研究正在进行中,以确保肥胖癌症患者得到更好的癌症护理。 一般来说,医生为病患做化疗时,通常使用理想体重的最大上限为基础,做为化疗剂量的标准,往往未能给予病患正确的化疗剂量。研究证明,体重较轻的人化疗

日本研究发现母乳喂养可预防儿女肥胖

据日媒报道,日本冈山大学研究小组25日宣布,通过分析日本厚生劳动省数据发现,母乳喂养造成儿女肥胖症的几率低于奶粉喂养。该研究成果已刊登在美国医学杂志电子版。 报道说,迄今在国外研究中,对母乳喂养可预防儿女肥胖有赞成和反对两种意见。研究组成员、冈山大学研究员山川路代称:“我们的研究比以往研究使用了更多样本。今后,母乳喂养可以预防儿女肥胖的观点应该会逐步增加。” 研究组通过日本厚劳省收集的“2

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