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Cell:防病又抗病!刷新对肠道神经系统的认知

2019-12-18 不详 转化医学网 中国生物技术网

近日,发表在《Cell》上的一篇研究中,来自美国哈佛医学院的研究发现,小鼠肠道内的神经不仅能感知沙门氏菌的存在,还可以通过部署两道防线来主动防御这种有害细菌造成的感染。沙门氏菌是一种常见的食源性致病菌,可使人发生食物中毒。据统计,在世界各国的种类细菌性食物中毒中,沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒常列榜首。我国内陆地区也以沙门氏菌为首位。

近日,发表在《Cell》上的一篇研究中,来自美国哈佛医学院的研究发现,小鼠肠道内的神经不仅能感知沙门氏菌的存在,还可以通过部署两道防线来主动防御这种有害细菌造成的感染。沙门氏菌是一种常见的食源性致病菌,可使人发生食物中毒。据统计,在世界各国的种类细菌性食物中毒中,沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒常列榜首。我国内陆地区也以沙门氏菌为首位。



这项研究以全新的视角诠释了神经系统的经典观点,即“神经系统只是一只“看门狗”,可以发现危险并提醒身体注意其存在”。研究结果表明,通过直接干扰沙门氏菌感染肠道的能力,神经系统既可以检测到危险,也可以防御危险。

该研究通讯作者、哈佛医学院Blavatnik研究所首席研究员、神经免疫学家Isaac Chiu说:“我们的研究结果表明,神经系统不仅仅是一个简单的传感器和警报系统,肠道中的神经细胞功能远不止这些。它们调节肠道免疫力、维持肠道稳态,并提供针对感染的主动保护。”

具体说来,在这项研究中,当沙门氏菌出现时,小肠内和细胞下方的痛觉神经元会被激活。然后,这些神经就会采取两种防御策略来防止细菌感染肠道并扩散到身体的其他部位。首先,它们调节使微生物和各种物质进出小肠的“分子门”。其次,它们增加了称为SFB(分段丝状细菌)保护性肠道微生物的数量,这些微生物是小肠微生物组的一部分。


图片来源:Cell

细菌影响神经

在正常情况下,伊尔氏淋巴集结(Peyer's patches,仅在小肠壁上发现的淋巴和免疫组织簇)扫视环境、取样物质并确定哪些物质可以进入肠道。为了实现这一功能,伊尔氏淋巴集结上布满了微折叠细胞(简称M细胞),M细胞是打开和关闭以调节物质和微生物向肠道流入的细胞通道。它是沙门氏菌和其他危险细菌入侵小肠的主要入口。为此,沙门氏菌会分泌刺激肠道细胞变成M细胞的肠道转录因子中。接下来,沙门氏菌会附着在M细胞(细胞门)表面的糖上,并用其触须将门撑开,然后细菌蠕动进入肠道。

为了了解肠道痛觉神经元在感染保护中的作用,研究人员比较了三组小鼠对沙门氏菌的反应。一组小鼠的肠道神经元完好无损;另一组小鼠的这些神经元基因失活或缺失;第三组小鼠的这些神经元则通过化学方法关闭。

实验表明,在沙门氏菌存在的情况下,肠道神经元通过释放一种名为CGRP的神经化学物质进行反击,这种化学物质减缓了M细胞的分化,从而减少了沙门氏菌可以使用的入口点。此外,实验还表明,肠道神经元启动了另一种形式的防御。通过释放CGRP,它们增加了SFB微生物的数量,SFB除了具有其他有益功能外,还可以防止沙门氏菌入侵。虽然其确切机制尚未查清,但Chiu表示,一种可能的机制是SFB利用其微小的钩子附着在肠壁上,形成一种防护涂层来抵御致病细菌。


图片来源:Cell

在具有完整肠道神经元的小鼠中,这两种防御机制均能可靠地发挥作用。然而,对于缺乏这些肠道神经元的动物来说,情况并非如此。事实上,来自神经元失活小鼠的肠道活检显示,它们的伊尔氏淋巴集结被沙门氏菌以更高的速度渗透,比神经元完整动物的渗透速度更快。神经细胞缺陷的小鼠肠道中保护性SFB微生物也较少。毫不意外,与具有完整神经纤维的小鼠相比,实验组小鼠罹患沙门氏菌感染疾病的速度更快,而且患病范围更广。

Chiu说:“越来越明确的是,神经系统以各种方式直接与感染性微生物相互作用,从而影响免疫。细菌确实会影响我们的神经系统。”

这一发现与Chiu团队过去的研究一致。那项研究表明,感染、神经系统和免疫系统之间存在强大的三方相互作用。但是与新发现相反的是,过去那项研究表明,有时感染性微生物可以利用神经系统来发挥其优势。例如,Chiu先前的研究发现,在发生严重的金黄色葡萄球菌(staph)肺部感染时,肺部神经为了应对感染会改变免疫反应。在另一项研究中他们发现,这种导致 “侵蚀肉体” 疾病的细菌会劫持神经系统,从而削弱免疫防御,并进而削弱人体防御能力。

“多才多艺”的神经系统

这些新发现增加了越来越多的知识,表明神经系统的功能远不止向大脑发送和接收信号。
该研究的第一作者、Chiu实验室的免疫学研究员Nicole Lai说:“我们的发现阐明了神经系统和免疫系统之间的重要相互作用。很明显,这是一条双向的高速公路,两个系统都在发送信息,并相互影响,以调节感染期间的保护性反应。”

事实上,肠道包含了如此多的神经,以至于它常常被称为第二个大脑。神经系统作为一种预警系统,用来警告身体潜在的威胁,其反应速度非常快。因此,该团队表示,进化利用了这一特征来增强了保护作用。

Chiu表示:“仔细想想,神经系统参与免疫是一种进化上的智慧体现,它通过重新利用现有的功能来保护肠道不受感染。”

研究者认为,这项发现也有助于解释先前的观察结果,即使用阿片类药物(使痛觉神经沉默)和其他神经调节药物会使人更容易被感染。Chiu则表示,如果要通过抑制神经信号来降低疼痛,可能会在无意中削弱了它们的保护能力。研究结果支持这一观点。

此外,肠道神经元和“守门人”M细胞之间的相互作用是未来的研究领域,因为其他造成严重人类疾病的生物也会利用M细胞(小肠的分子门),包括大肠杆菌、志贺氏杆菌、鼠疫,以及朊病毒等。

该研究结果还指出了涉及调节神经信号传导(或增强肠道免疫力,或抑制肠道炎症)的潜在治疗途径。Chiu说:“我们的想法是,如果能以某种方式刺激这些保护性肠道神经元,或使用药物模拟它们的活性,那么我们就可以激活免疫反应并增强人体抵御感染的能力。”

原始出处:

Nicole Y. Lai, Melissa A. Musser, Felipe A. Pinho-Ribeiro, et.al. Gut-Innervating Nociceptor Neurons Regulate Peyer’s Patch Microfold Cells and SFB Levels to Mediate Salmonella Host Defense. Cell December 05, 2019

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    2019-12-20 维他命
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    2019-12-25 184****9840

    神经系统的能力这么强。

    0

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