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村医的出路:乡镇卫生院吸纳将推动农村医疗服务整合

2019-07-22 村夫日记LatitudeHealth 作者:Latitude Health 网络村夫日记LatitudeHealth

近日,村医辞职的问题引起多方关注,就政策层面来看,未来村医直接纳入上级医疗机构将成为市场趋势,而这将进一步上抬服务层级,从而推动农村医疗服务市场大规模整合。

近日,村医辞职的问题引起多方关注,就政策层面来看,未来村医直接纳入上级医疗机构将成为市场趋势,而这将进一步上抬服务层级,从而推动农村医疗服务市场大规模整合。

据2018年11月甘肃省卫生健康委员会发布的《关于进一步完善乡村医疗机构一体化管理工作的通知》,

2019年3月底前,全省所有村卫生室作为乡镇卫生院的派出机构,乡镇卫生院与所辖村卫生室为同一法人,村卫生室不再为独立法人单位,只设立负责人。村卫生室与乡镇卫生院合为一体,实现行政、业务、人员、药械、财务、绩效考核“六统一”为主要内容的乡村一体化管理模式

每个行政村设置一个村卫生室(乡镇卫生院所在村可不设村卫生室)

所有村医与乡镇卫生院签订聘用劳动合同,身份由个体转变为乡镇卫生院临聘职工,即乡聘村用

原则上乡镇卫生院每月向村医发放1000元基本工资,为符合条件的在岗村卫生室从业人员购买企业职工养老保险,解决在岗村医养老待遇。

这项政策将村卫生室和村医的身份进行了明确,村卫生室成为乡镇卫生院的派出机构,村医成为乡镇卫生院的员工。

村卫生室的诊疗人次从2014年开始到2017年每年都是减少的,村卫生室的数量从2012年开始每年减少3000到9000家不等,减少的主要是私立的村卫生室,每年减少1万家出头,而公立的村卫生室的数量则保持增加。在日均诊疗人数上,2014年村卫生室曾达到过10.26人次/日,但2017年下降到9.44人/日。

而乡镇卫生院的诊疗人次增速保持在3%左右。乡镇卫生院的日均诊疗人次从2011年的77人次/日增长到2017年的101人次/日,尤其是乡镇中心卫生院,2017年日均诊疗量达到149人次/日。同时,而乡镇卫生院的收入中补助占比高达45%,比2011年的40%明显上升。

从甘肃省对村医的政策上来看,对村卫生室、村医以及乡镇卫生院均有影响。首先,在村卫生室服务量萎缩的情况下,尤其是非公立村卫生室机构减少,村医流失的情况下,成为乡镇卫生院的下属机构及员工有助于保证一部分村卫生室的运营,留住一部分人才,尤其是对于公立村卫生室来说,成为公立乡镇医疗服务体系的一部分有助于保证这些点作为卫星机构的持续存在。

而对于乡镇卫生院来说,通过将一部分优质的村卫生室纳入自己的运营范围,有助于拓展病人获取的渠道,将触角进一步从镇延伸到村。从近年来乡镇卫生院尤其是规模更大的中心卫生院持续服务量增加可以看到,乡镇卫生院吸纳病人的能力明显优于村卫生室,将村一级的卫生机构纳入旗下有助于进一步提升服务量。

但是,这一变化的另一个影响则是,对于私立的村卫生室,近五年来萎缩非常严重,人才流失,机构数量明显减少。这一部分是因为新农合之后一部分私立的卫生室没有能够获得新农合报销,导致病人流向了能够使用新农合的机构,或者直接前往县一级的医疗机构治病。而99.5%的乡镇卫生院是公立的,在建立上下联合的时候,公立村卫生室会更有利,而私立村卫生室如果无法获得医保的报销并解决村医身份和收入的问题,则很难持续运营下去。

从政策的发展大方向来看,一方面要扶植县医院,一方面则通过乡镇卫生院吸纳村卫生室来发展,这显示了不断将服务层级上抬的趋势,通过分级机构之间的合作和互通将农村市场的服务机构进行整合的大趋势。

未来门诊在县级及以下市场的需求会很大,主要特色是布点广,服务效率高加上成本可控。在布点上,村卫生室更有优势,辐射范围小但轻,适合多点铺开发展的模式,可以作为基础医疗的守门人。但在慢性病等更加专业的门诊上,卫生室的能力明显不够应对这些问题,加上慢性病的管理需要更为全方位的医学服务,因此乡镇卫生院在处理这类需要长期专科治疗的病例上可能更有优势。因此,假如把乡镇卫生院定位为基础门诊服务和大病服务之间的专科桥梁可能更为合理,尤其是在康复、慢性病等专科治疗上。

在住院上的机会则是建立乡镇卫生院与县级医院的双向转诊。乡镇卫生院的平均住院费用是县级医院的25%到40%不等,差距很大。远距离住院不仅增加医保的支出,也增加个人医疗和非医疗的支出,因此缩短远距离住院是控制医疗费用的一个核心办法。在这点上乡镇卫生院未来发挥的作用会很大,进一步扩建其住院服务能力未来是趋势。同时,住院服务的发展上也会有侧重,过去缺失的康复、老年人护理、大病术后管理等服务的发展对提升乡镇卫生院的服务能力极为重要。

总结下来,未来的发展趋势可能是门诊基础服务进一步下沉到村卫生室这样分布广但单体更小的机构,而处于医院和门诊中间的乡镇卫生院更多定位于专科服务尤其是住院,成为县医院术后的一个服务通道。

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    2020-06-11 syscxl
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    2019-07-24 daviiliu
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    2019-07-22 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

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