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Diabetologia:1型糖尿病患者下肢截肢的危险因素和随时间变化的发病率

2021-11-11 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

糖尿病足部溃疡很常见,通常愈合会延迟,截肢导致的肢体丧失也不罕见。糖尿病患者的下肢截肢(LEA)是导致患者残疾和痛苦的主要原因,并构成医疗保健系统的重大经济负担。

  糖尿病足部溃疡很常见,通常愈合会延迟,截肢导致的肢体丧失也不罕见。糖尿病患者的下肢截肢(LEA)是导致患者残疾和痛苦的主要原因,并构成医疗保健系统的重大经济负担。在西方国家,大约一半的非创伤性截肢是由糖尿病引起的,早时的一项研究显示,与普通人群相比,1型糖尿病患者截肢的风险是普通人的40倍。

目的:该研究的目的是研究随着时间的推移下肢截肢的发生率,并确定与1型糖尿病患者截肢风险增加相关的变量。

方法:纳入瑞典国家糖尿病登记处登记的1998年1月1日至2019年10月2日期间无截肢史的1型糖尿病患者。收集的信息包括糖尿病相关特征和治疗、人体测量学、危险因素和糖尿病相关并发症。暴露因素:采集糖尿病持续时间、吸烟情况、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、糖化血红蛋白、肌酐水平、蛋白尿、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。吸烟定义为当前吸烟或曾经吸烟(最近3个月内未吸烟)。采用CKD-EPI方程计算eGFR,根据国家肾脏基金会对肾功能进行分类。微白蛋白尿定义为在1年内至少有2个阳性结果,定义为白蛋白/肌酐比值为3 - 30 mg/mmol (30 - 300 mg/g)或尿白蛋白清除率为20-200μg /min (20-300 mg/l)。更高的比值定义为大量白蛋白尿。采用时间更新Cox回归和每个SD的风险梯度来评估危险因素对截肢发生率的影响。年龄和性别调整后的发病率是随着时间的推移而估计的。

结果:在46,088例无截肢史的1型糖尿病患者中(平均年龄32.5岁[SD14.5],男性25,354例(55%)),1519例(3.3%)接受了截肢手术。中位随访时间为12.4年。1998-2001年截肢标化发病率为2.84(95%可信区间2.32,3.36)/1000人年,2017-2019年降至1.64(95%可信区间1.38,1.90)/1000人年。小截肢和大截肢的发生率显示出类似的模式。高血糖和肾功能不全是截肢的最大危险因素,其次是高龄、男性、心血管并发症、吸烟和高血压。随着截肢手术的减少,血糖控制和年龄和性别调整后的肾功能在相应的时间段内得到改善。

图1 (a)1型糖尿病患者随时间变化任何截肢的标准化发病率(95%CIs)。(b) 1型糖尿病患者和截肢的1型糖尿病患者中平均HbA1c(95% CIs)。(c) 1型糖尿病患者和1型糖尿病截肢患者的平均eGFR (95% CIs)。T1D, 1型糖尿病

表 用Cox回归分析1型糖尿病患者的时间更新潜在危险因素及其与截肢的关系

图2 按类别分类的潜在时间更新危险因素及其与1型糖尿病患者截肢的关系

结论:近年来,1型糖尿病患者截肢的发生率和截肢最突出的危险因素,包括肾功能不全和高血糖,都有显著改善。这一发现对心血管疾病的生活质量、卫生经济学和预后有重要意义,表明1型糖尿病治疗的趋势发生了转变。

原文出处:

Hallström S,  Svensson AM,  Pivodic A,et al.Risk factors and incidence over time for lower extremity amputations in people with type 1 diabetes: an observational cohort study of 46,088 patients from the Swedish National Diabetes Registry.Diabetologia 2021 Sep 08

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