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免疫系统是先“攘外”还是先“安内”?

2018-01-06 韩健 科学网韩健的博客

最近一直很着迷用“辩证法”来分析免疫系统。比如前段时间写的一篇有关评估健康的博文,也用到类似的图解。所谓辩证,就是用不同的角度(潜力,效率)去观察同一个问题(免疫力)。这里,我不是静态地观察免疫力,而是把它放到时间的长轴上去观察:


作者:美国HudsonAlpha研究院研究员 韩健

最近一直很着迷用“辩证法”来分析免疫系统。比如前段时间写的一篇有关评估健康的博文,也用到类似的图解。所谓辩证,就是用不同的角度(潜力,效率)去观察同一个问题(免疫力)。这里,我不是静态地观察免疫力,而是把它放到时间的长轴上去观察:



改正以前的一个认识:免疫系统不是在新生儿的时候最强,虽然那个时候有最大的潜能。我们刚刚生下来的时候,虽然具有最大的潜力,可是因为还没有经历过任何“战斗”,所以没有经验,效率就很差。等我们老了,身经百战了,效率提高了,潜力也下降了。

新生儿的免疫系统,好比刚刚出厂的iPhone,有巨大的潜能,但是苹果公司给每个出厂的手机只安装了几个应用软件,其它“个体化”的App软件需要我们根据环境需求自己安装。不过,每安装一个应用软件,潜能(储存)就减少一些。肌体也是一样,每次生小病,接种疫苗,都是对免疫系统的一次消费,累加起来,就是我们最后交给上帝的,我们一生的“免疫力作战史”。最后那一仗,就是常说的“死因”。我们寿命有多长,就看上图的两条线什么时候交叉了。如果交叉很早,说明我们的免疫力有透支,去上帝那里“交卷”的时间就可能提前。

如果免疫系统和我们的国防一样是有一笔固定“预算”的,比如,它就只能供养百万大军,那么潜力就是是对付未知敌人的应战能力;而效率则是抗拒已知敌人的作战能力。潜力,是防病能力,是维护健康的保障;效率,是抗(已知)病能力,是战胜疾病的底气。

临床实践上看,评估健康,就是看看免疫力的潜力有多大,看看可以动用的后备队有多少;而诊断疾病,就是看那些久经沙场的老兵都有什么能耐。这些都是我们在研发的“产品”。

之所以很“迷”这个辩证思考,是因为它很可能和今后十年肿瘤免疫疗法的大方向有关。我认为,现在的各种肿瘤免疫疗法都具有一定的片面性:仅仅考虑如何增强抗肿瘤的能力,而忽略了潜力。

如果肿瘤发生在上面图中两条线交叉之前,肌体的免疫力还有很多潜能,那么增强免疫力可能就是比较容易的事,疗效也会很好;而如果肿瘤发生在交叉之后,肌体的免疫系统已经是身经百战,可是那些有经验的“兵油子”对付肿瘤却是外行,那么增强兵力首先需要从这些“老兵”那里拨款,这就不是一件容易的事情了。最近有不少论文已经涉及到这个问题了,比如有人发现肠道菌群或者感染性疾病(外敌)对肿瘤(内患)免疫治疗有影响。

所有药物,不管是抗感染的,还是抗肿瘤的,都应该看成是暂时的“外援”,而战争的结局很可能早就由“内因”决定了。前两天写了一篇文章讨论HPV疫苗。如果药物是请“外援”,疫苗就是买“保险”。如果不撞车,保险就是“浪费”,如果你连车都没有,就当然更不用买保险了。

免疫治疗不仅仅是战术的问题,更要从战略角度去思考,是把“外援”用在“安内”上,还是“攘外”上?一定要用“外援”吗?

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