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LANCET INFECT DIS:非洲国家发热性疾病诊断的困境

2017-04-25 MedSci MedSci原创

在西非部分地区埃博拉病毒爆发之前,发热性疾病的鉴别诊断主要集中在具有疾病流行的热带地区的常规医疗体系。在那里,疟疾,伤寒,结核病,脑膜炎,拉萨热和麻疹已经让该地区的卫生系统负担很重,随着2014-2015年埃博拉病毒(EVD)病毒流行及其毁灭性的影响,对发热性疾病进行鉴别诊断的需要已经变得越来越紧迫,也越来越复杂。

近日,国家杂志LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES在线刊登了一篇关于西非国家所面临的发热性疾病诊断难题,并讨论了埃博拉后期关于医疗体系的建设和医疗资源的整合利用。


研究指出,在西非部分地区埃博拉病毒爆发之前,发热性疾病的鉴别诊断主要集中在具有疾病流行的热带地区的常规医疗体系。在那里,疟疾,伤寒,结核病,脑膜炎,拉萨热和麻疹已经让该地区的卫生系统负担很重,随着2014-2015年埃博拉病毒(EVD)病毒流行及其毁灭性的影响,对发热性疾病进行鉴别诊断的需要已经变得越来越紧迫,也越来越复杂。 

西非地区实验室系统在EVD爆发期间时最薄弱的。在利比里亚,由于缺乏后勤支援,实验室诊断反应不协调,实验室基础设施差,受过培训的实验室工作人员不足,从而导致了疫情的蔓延。几内亚和塞拉利昂也出现了类似的情况。这些国家的卫生部正在协调其卫生投资战略,以加强和维持实验室的准备,减轻未来新兴和重新出现的传染病。 

目前,研究的重点已经向西非的公共卫生方面倾斜。在“柳叶刀传染病”杂志中,Matthew Waxman及其同事对塞拉利昂埃博拉治疗单位(ETU)生存结果回顾性资料进行了分析,并揭示了两个极为显著的重要的对比结果。首先,在诊断为EVD的患者中,疟原虫共感染的患者死亡率较高。其次,EVD和疟原虫检测均为阴性的患者死亡率高于EVD阴性但疟疾检测为阳性者的患者。虽然另一项来自自几内亚的研究也支持这类结果,但是这与利比里亚所报告的EVD和疟疾双重感染具有保护性是不一致的。目前埃博拉疫情已经结束,人们正在努力解决EVD方面的研究空白,但同时也还存在许多尚未解决的重要问题。 

尽管WHO指南主张在ETU中对抗疟疾药物进行管理,但这一建议不太可能在短期内实现。由于在缺乏资源的环境中错误使用规定之外的抗疟疾药物,加上实验室系统负担过重,服务于患者的卫生工作人员的人数不足,因此,对发热性疾病的鉴别诊断和治疗仍将是西非地区所面临的的一个关键挑战。

原始出处:

Moses B F Massaquoi, Stephen B Kennedy.Ebola virus and malaria parasite positivity: a febrile illness quagmire.lancet infectiou disease,2017,march

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    2017-09-18 cmj8wellington
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    2017-11-06 howi
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为了防止埃博拉病毒的传播,建议在埃博拉治疗单位和社区经常洗手。然而,截至目前为止,哪种洗手方案最有效尚未可知。近期,一项发表在杂志Plos one上的研究评估了六种洗手方案(肥皂和水,基于酒精的手部消毒剂(ABHS)和0.05%二氯异氰尿酸钠,高测试次氯酸盐和稳定以及不稳定次氯酸钠溶液)对以下的作用:1)洗手效果,非致病性生物体的灭活,和2)生物体在漂洗水中的持久性。使用模型生物体大肠杆菌和噬菌体

N Engl J Med:黑猩猩腺病毒载体埃博拉疫苗

在一项关于黑猩猩腺病毒载体埃博拉疫苗cAd3-EBO研究中,研究人员发现受试者对cAd3-EBO疫苗的反应原性和免疫反应是剂量依赖性的。在2×10 11颗粒单位剂量下,糖蛋白扎伊尔特异性抗体反应与涉及非人类灵长类动物的挑战研究中的疫苗诱导的保护性免疫相关,并且反应可持续持续到48周。目前,2期研究和评估cAd3-EBO的功效试验正在进行中。

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