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氧饱和度(SaO2)越高越好?

2016-05-11 李鸿政 医学界

到底有多少住院患者是真的需要氧疗?我们给患者氧疗的目的是什么?是不是氧气一开就万事大吉了?是不是SaO2越高越好?《中华结核和呼吸杂志》近期一篇文章《规避高氧危害,规范目标氧疗》指出了相当多的问题,很多细节是我们工作中所忽略的,但却可能是至关重要的。如何确定氧疗的目标值?很多人以为SaO2越高越好,越接近100则越满意。其实不然,因为当SaO2达到100%时,PaO2(氧分压)可达到100-500

到底有多少住院患者是真的需要氧疗?我们给患者氧疗的目的是什么?是不是氧气一开就万事大吉了?是不是SaO2越高越好?

《中华结核和呼吸杂志》近期一篇文章《规避高氧危害,规范目标氧疗》指出了相当多的问题,很多细节是我们工作中所忽略的,但却可能是至关重要的。

如何确定氧疗的目标值?

很多人以为SaO2越高越好,越接近100则越满意。其实不然,因为当SaO2达到100%时,PaO2(氧分压)可达到100-500 mmHg(具体因情况而异),这种体内过高的血氧状态被称为“高氧血症”,特指PaO2超出120 mmHg.“高钾血症、高钙血症、高钠血症、高碳酸血症”等等就听的多了,“高氧血症”还真没留意。严格来讲,氧气也是一种药物,过高的血氧状态是有害的,这点毋庸置疑,所以上呼吸机的患者一般要求FiO2(氧浓度)不宜超过50%(请严格区分SaO2、PaO2、FiO2等概念),因为FiO2>50%会引起去氮性肺不张,还易导致氧中毒性肺损伤。

目前对FiO2的安全界限尚无统一界定,但一般认为,在1个大气压条件下,长期FiO2低于50%是较为安全的。但高氧血症也可见于FiO2不太高的时候(30%-50%),按照上面的标准来说,这个FiO2应该是安全的,但这个FiO2也有可能导致PaO2大于120 mmHg(高氧血症),故应该综合把握FiO2、PaO2、SaO2之间的关系。目前认为,除非患者特殊需要,应尽量避免SaO2监护达到100%,重症患者SaO2需要保持在94%-98%,ARDS(急性呼吸窘迫综合征)需维持在88%-95%,伴高碳酸血症风险者88%-92%。

如何看待高氧血症?

《中华结核和呼吸杂志》近期发表的文章《规避高氧危害,规范目标氧疗》指出:88%的高氧血症事件发生时,没有对吸氧浓度进行调整,说明医务人员对高氧血症概念不清,危害认识不足,没有纠正高氧血症的意愿和行动。这是一个很庞大的数量,也是很严峻的一个事实,我们处理低氧血症的决心和速度远远高于高氧血症。对高氧血症的忽视,且对有高碳酸血症的AECOPD(慢阻肺急性加重)患者保持低流量吸氧,这种观念的深入人心,导致很多没有吸氧指征的患者也在吸氧的现象很普遍。我们需要对这种现象引起高度重视。

高氧血症的危害

最为严重的是危及生命,多项研究证实患者病死率与高氧血症相关,高氧血症所致危害机制主要是氧化应激和炎症反应。也有研究认为机械通气治疗患者的住院病死率与高氧血症无明显相关。但不管如何,我们把FiO2、SaO2、PaO2控制在目前认为安全合适的水平总是没错的。

高氧血症是医源性的,可控制和避免,临床实际操作时要求医生给氧前需根据患者具体情况设定氧疗目标,不仅要关注氧流量,还要关注SaO2的范围。FiO2、SaO2、PaO2并不是越高越好,还记得急性呼吸衰竭吸氧浓度的原则吗?确定吸氧浓度的原则是在保证PaO2迅速提高到60 mmHg或SpO2(脉搏容积血氧饱和度)达到90%以上的前提下,尽量降低FiO2.这句话是金标准!PaO2在60mmHg以上就够用了,不需要刻意达到100甚至150mmHg以上,不是越高越好,如果高了就降低FiO2.按照上述标准,PaO2超过120mmHg则为高氧血症,是有害的。

希望下次我们遇到高氧血症,不是无动于衷,而是有所行动。

参考文献
1、曹洁、董丽霞、陈宝元。规避高氧危害,规范目标氧疗。中华结核和呼吸杂志2015年8月第38卷第8期
2、邱海波。ICU主治医师手册
3、内科学。第八版

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    2016-09-18 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦继续关注

    0

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    2016-05-13 redcrab
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130357, encodeId=a9f613035e71, content=不错哦继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 15:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1929116, encodeId=7a6f1929116ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f8e8158e8e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SaO2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15878, encryptionId=f8e8158e8e9, topicName=SaO2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=85aa264, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Fri May 13 20:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85741, encodeId=c53185e4174, content=之前吸氧是急性心肌梗死的常规处置,现在规定氧饱和度小于90才给吸氧,应该就是这个原因吧?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=177, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJPXDw7FHXZf9ounibcIkI3fbic3dlp798gIhH5kDDJeJZ4LANiaujtG5m3tbxhE81eZmsR42I0IFFZw/132, createdBy=e2cc1654754, createdName=Sophia2058, createdTime=Sat May 14 18:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=85633, encodeId=07928563381, content=学习了,不知高的危害表现如何, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73441710184, createdName=明崖, createdTime=Fri May 13 08:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1595733, encodeId=123c1595e3331, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c5326402609' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#氧饱和度#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64026, encryptionId=c5326402609, topicName=氧饱和度)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b2d218300656, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Fri May 13 05:24:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-14 Sophia2058

    之前吸氧是急性心肌梗死的常规处置,现在规定氧饱和度小于90才给吸氧,应该就是这个原因吧?

    0

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    2016-05-13 明崖

    学习了,不知高的危害表现如何

    0

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    2016-05-13 lqvr

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