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小球囊大作用│球囊肺动脉成形术:慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压患者的新曙光

2019-07-14 赵智慧 中国医学论坛报今日循环

患者女性,53岁,胸闷气短1年。2017年2月患者出现活动后气短,当地医院肺动脉CT诊断肺栓塞。给予华法林抗凝(INR 2~3之间),症状未见好转,并逐渐加重。2017年10月首次来我院就诊。

案例介绍

病史

患者女性,53岁,胸闷气短1年。2017年2月患者出现活动后气短,当地医院肺动脉CT诊断肺栓塞。给予华法林抗凝(INR 2~3之间),症状未见好转,并逐渐加重。2017年10月首次来我院就诊。

查体

血压120/80 mmHg,心率67次/分,双肺呼吸音清,P2>A2,双下肢不肿。

辅助检查

心电图示窦性心率,电轴右偏,胸前导联ST-T改变。

胸部X线片示右心增大,双肺门扩张,肺动脉段饱满。

心脏超声:右室(RV)22 mm,左室(LV)43 mm,三尖瓣反流(TR)3.2 m/s。

肺灌注扫描:双肺放射性分布欠均匀。右肺尖段、后段、部分前段、部分外段、内段、部分背段、部分前基底段、外基底段和部分后基底段,左肺尖后段、部分前段、舌段、部分背段、前基底段、外基底段呈放射性稀疏至缺损区,余双肺未见肺段性放射性稀疏或缺损区。

肺动脉增强CT:主肺动脉和左右肺动脉主干显影良好,分支纤细。

右心导管检查:右房压9/9/5 mmHg,右心室压85/-9/10 mmHg;肺动脉81/26/43 mmHg。肺毛细血管楔压11/13/11 mmHg。右室至肺动脉连续测压未见压力阶差。肺血管阻力5.14 wood,心脏指数(Fick’s法)5.29 L/(min·m2)

入院诊断

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH),慢性肺源性心脏病,心脏扩大,心功能Ⅲ级。

诊治经过

患者为CTEPH诊断明确,血管狭窄闭塞分布在肺动脉亚段,患者不愿行外科手术-肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术(PEA)。

2018年10月首次行球囊肺动脉成形术(BPA)
采用2.0×20 mm球囊对右肺A9,A10,A3段血管行球囊扩张。术后患者继续抗凝药物华法林治疗,和西地那非靶向药物治疗。

2019年1月二次行BPA术
二次BPA术前肺动脉压力71/27/42 mmHg,第二次应用2.0×20 mm,3.0×15 mm球囊针对左肺A9,A10,A6段血管进行扩张(见图1)。






A: RA8-BPA前;B:RA8-BPA后;C: RA3-BPA前;D: RA3-BPA后;E:LA10-BPA前;F: LA10-BPA后

2019年3月拟行第三次BPA
术前常规右心导管检查,肺动脉高压为52/21/31 mmHg,在行肺动脉造影时,患者出现胸闷、心慌,胸部颜面部发红,考虑造影剂过敏,立即给与抗过敏治疗,患者症状逐渐缓解,遂停止进一步介入治疗。

治疗效果

两次BPA手术使患者6分钟步行距离从380米增加到458米,心功能显著改善。肺动脉平均压从43 mmHg降到31 mmHg。用1~2个球囊完成对5~7根肺亚段动脉的BPA治疗。单次手术费用1.8万元。

经验总结

本中心相关实践经验
本中心连续入选2018年5月至2019年5月31日入住中国医学科学院阜外医院肺血管病中心行BPA治疗的CTEPH患者59名。100例次CTEPH患者接受BPA治疗:其中男性54例次,女性46例次,平均年龄(57.86±10.55)岁(25~76岁)。体质指数(23.85±3.12)kg/m2,症状持续时间(4.33±4.40)年,100例次患者平均扩张5.5支(1~10支)肺亚段动脉,4.3支(1~9支)肺段动脉。



本100例次BPA术,术中或者术后出现咯血,或者术后24小时内痰中血丝,一共8例。其中1例给与病变部位球囊封堵和明胶海绵止血,咯血停止。其他病例均未给与特殊处理,咯血自行缓解。术后均恢复良好。

CTEPH患者接受BPA治疗相关研究

美国学者Feinstein等2001年首次报道了18例无法行PEA术的CTEPH患者接受BPA治疗的安全性和疗效,患者纽约心功能分级从3.3提高到1.8(P<0.001),6分钟步行距离从209米增加到497米(P<0.0001),肺动脉平均压由(43±12.1)mmHg降至(33.7±10.2 )mmHg(P=0.007) 。11例患者出现再灌注肺水肿,3例需要机械通气。此后鲜有报道。

2012年,日本Hiromi Matsubara(松原広己)教授(2018年法国尼斯世界肺动脉高压大会CTEPH工作组成员)团队和Toru Satoh教授团队同期发表文章报道了改良的BPA的有效性和安全性明显提高。

2015年ESC肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南推荐对于不能行PEA或者风险/获益比较高的患者可以考虑行球囊肺动脉成形术(BPA)。

2017年Hiromi Matsubara教授发表的多中心注册研究对CTEPH行BPA的308名患者(62名男性,246女性,平均年龄61岁)回顾性分析临床效果和并发症,这些患者共在7个中心进行了1408次手术。249名患者在行BPA结束后血流动力学明显改善,1154次手术后平均肺动脉压降低和症状改善。196名患者进行了右心导管随访,血流动力学参数改善。依据肺动脉压力和吸氧的目标治疗,平均肺动脉压从(43.2±11.0)mmHg降低到随访时(24.3±6.4)mmHg。在首次BPA后的所有308名患者中,1年随访和2年随访总的生存率96.8%,3年随访生存率94.5%。手术中并发症发生511次(36%),5.5%需要机械通气;肺损伤(17.8%),出现渗出,行肺动脉造影和肺CT证实;咯血(14%);肺动脉穿孔(2.9%);12名(3.9%)患者死亡BPA后30天内。主要死亡原因是右心衰竭,多脏器衰竭和脓毒症。

综上,BPA治疗CTEPH是一项安全,有效,经济的治疗方法。

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    2019-10-19 yangpeizhi
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    2019-07-16 花花1366
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    2019-07-14 明天jing

    肺动脉高压表面是罕见病,事实上临床上并不少见,治疗药物虽然有一些,但是整体仍然不理解,可能未来需要采用综合治疗措施。

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