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NEJM Evid:瑞洛沙酶(Reloxaliase)在肠源性高草酸尿症中的随机安慰剂对照试验(URIROX-1研究)

2022-07-08 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

瑞洛沙酶(Reloxaliase)是一种口服的再生草酸盐降解酶,由Allena Pharmaceuticals开发,目前正在研究对严重的高草酸尿的疗效。瑞洛沙酶(Reloxaliase)被设计为降解胃

原发性高草酸尿症(Primary hyperoxaluria)是因为肝脏过氧化丙氨酸-乙醛酸盐氨基转移酶缺乏,导致尿排泄物中草酸过多的遗传性乙醛酸代谢障碍性疾病。1842年,英国皇家内科医学院院士戈尔丁·伯德(Golding Bird)首次描述了草酸尿症(Hyperoxaluria),又将该病称为伯尔德氏病(Bird’s disease)。它又分为两型,I型原发性高草酸尿症(Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1,PH1)与编码丝胺酸丙酮酸氨基转移酶(Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase,AGXT)的基因中的相关突变有关,AGXT是草酸盐代谢的关键酶。II型原发性高草酸尿症(Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 2,PH2)与 乙醛酸还原酶/羟基丙酮酸还原酶(Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase,GRHPR)相关。

瑞洛沙酶(Reloxaliase)是一种口服的再生草酸盐降解酶,由Allena Pharmaceuticals开发,目前正在研究对严重的高草酸尿的疗效。瑞洛沙酶(Reloxaliase)被设计为降解胃肠道中的草酸,有可能减少草酸钙晶体或结石在肾脏的沉积,以及减少长期肾脏透析。美国食品和药物管理局已授予Reloxaliase用于治疗原发性高草酸尿和儿童高草酸尿的孤儿药称号。欧盟委员会已经授予Reloxaliase用于治疗原发性高草酸尿的孤儿药称号。

参与者是 18 岁或以上的成年人,有高草酸尿病史(通过记录的 UOx 排泄 ≥50 毫克/24 小时确认),这归因于先前诊断的与脂肪吸收不良相关的肠道疾病(例如,减肥手术、克罗恩病、短 肠综合征,其他吸收不良疾病)。 急性肾损伤或估计肾小球滤过率 (eGFR) 低于 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 的患者、怀孕的女性以及在研究期间有临床显着合并症或计划进行侵入性手术的患者被排除在外。 允许目前使用药物来改变肾结石风险(例如噻嗪类利尿剂、柠檬酸钾、吡哆醇和别嘌醇),前提是在筛选前剂量稳定至少 8 周,并且在研究期间预期没有变化。

受试者以 1:1 的比例随机分配到 reloxaliase 或匹配的安慰剂组。随机化按肠道疾病类型(减肥手术与其他)、基线 UOx(<90 与 ≥90 mg/24 小时)和抗酸药物(质子泵抑制剂和组胺 2 受体阻滞剂)的使用进行分层,因为这些参数可能会混淆对松弛酶功效的评估。参与者、研究人员、研究和申办者人员对治疗分配不知情。

Figure 1

在为期 4 周的治疗期间,参与者在每顿饭或点心时口服自我服用两粒 reloxaliase 胶囊(每粒 3750 单位,或总共 7500 单位)或安慰剂,每天 3 至 5 次。这种给药方案旨在最大限度地降解随食物摄入的草酸盐。参与者被要求在整个研究过程中继续他们的常规饮食,并在筛选期间和第 4 周获得简短的饮食史,以确认试验期间没有发生显着的饮食变化。在为期 4 周的治疗期间,参与者每周完成两次 24 小时尿液收集。两次收集的 UOx 水平的平均值用作该周的值。对于疗效分析,在混合效应模型重复测量 (MMRM) 模型中使用在第 1 至 4 周获得的所有 UOx 值,以确定松弛酶对 UOx 的治疗效果。在每次研究访问时评估不良事件和依从性(图 1A)。依从性的确定是基于药丸计数,根据参与者的给药日志每天消耗的剂量和膳食/零食的数量。

主要疗效终点是治疗第 1 周至第 4 周期间 24 小时 UOx 相对于基线的百分比变化。关键的次要终点按等级顺序包括在治疗期间 24 小时 UOx 从基线至少减少 20% 的比例 在第 1 周至第 4 周,对第 1 周至第 4 周期间 24 小时 UOx 排泄量相对于基线的百分比变化进行分类分析,以及减肥手术亚组中的主要和次要疗效终点。 安全性评估包括临床实验室参数、生命体征和体格检查中的不良事件和变化或异常发现; 安全性也通过肠道状况亚组(减肥手术与其他)进行了评估。 在整个试验过程中监测肾结石的通过、程序以及与肾结石相关的住院或急诊就诊。

筛选了 222 名患者,其中 115 名被认为符合条件并被随机分配; 58 人被随机分配到 reloxaliase,57 人被随机分配到安慰剂组(图 1B)。 治疗组在基线特征方面是平衡的(表 1)。 最常见的潜在肠道疾病是吸收不良减肥手术(67.8%)和炎症性肠病(17.4%)。 大多数参与者 (73.9%) 的基线 eGFR 为 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 或更高,其余参与者在 CKD 3A 阶段(eGFR 45 至 <60 ml/min/1.73 m2)和 3B 阶段相当平均( eGFR 30 至 <45 毫升/分钟/1.73 平方米)。 基线时,39.1% 的参与者 24 小时 UOx ≥ 90 mg/24 小时,92.2% 的参与者在过去 5 年内有肾结石发作史。 两个治疗组中相似比例的参与者使用一些伴随药物来管理肾结石危险因素,最常见的是钙、柠檬酸钾和镁补充剂。

描述性汇总统计显示,在第 1 周至第 1 周期间,使用 reloxaliase 治疗 4 周导致 24 小时 UOx 从基线几何平均值(范围)83.2(51 至 177)降至 67.4(34 至 151)mg/24 小时4. 安慰剂组相应的 24 小时 UOx 数据在第 1 周至第 4 周期间的基线几何平均值(范围)为 84.2(52 至 260)和 78.1(28 至 205)mg/24 小时(表 S2 提供了完整的描述性每个时间段的统计数据)。

Figure 2
图 2 24 小时尿草酸盐水平的百分比变化。

从 MMRM 模型中,估计 reloxaliase 的最小二乘均值 (SE) 变化为 -0.256 (0.0410),安慰剂为 -0.102 (0.0403),表示几何平均值的反向转换比率(第 1 周至第 1 周) 4 到基线)为 0.774 的 reloxaliase 和 0.903 的安慰剂。这些结果对应于 reloxaliase 和安慰剂组的几何平均 24 小时 UOx 相对于基线分别下降 22.6% 和 9.7%(图 2A)。来自同一模型的每周值表明,在 reloxaliase 上 24 小时 UOx 的减少在第 1 周实现并在整个 4 周治疗期间持续(图 2B)。

表 2 功效结果总结

根据 MMRM 主要终点分析,对数量表(松弛酶减去安慰剂)上最小二乘均值 (SE) 变化值的差异为 -0.155 (0.0525)(95% CI,-0.259 至 -0.050;P=0.004 )。将这些结果反向转换为比率量表得出第 1 至 4 周 UOx 值(松弛酶与安慰剂)的几何平均比率为 0.857(95% CI,0.772 至 0.951;P=0.004),代表 14.3 个百分点( 95% CI,4.9 至 22.8) 与安慰剂相比,在 1 至 4 周内,对于 reloxaliase,几何平均 UOx 的降低幅度更大。在 reloxaliase 组和安慰剂组分别有 48.3% 和 31.6% 的参与者实现了 24 小时 UOx 从基线到第 1 至第 4 周至少减少 20% 的分类次要终点(优势比来自逻辑回归模型为 2.14;95% CI,0.97 至 4.74;P=0.06)(表 2)。

基线时(分别为 2.4 对 2.1 升)和第 1 至第 4 周(分别为 2.1 对 2.0),reloxaliase 组和安慰剂组的尿量相似。 在基线或治疗期间,治疗组之间的相关非草酸盐 24 小时尿液参数没有显着差异(表 3)

治疗中出现的不良事件在两个治疗组中都很常见(松弛酶组为 69%,安慰剂组为 53%),主要由与胃肠系统相关的不良事件驱动(松弛酶组为 36.2%,安慰剂组为 24.6%) 安慰剂组)和与肾结石相关的不良事件(reloxaliase 组为 12.1%,安慰剂组为 14.0%)

这项前瞻性随机、安慰剂对照临床试验评估了 reloxaliase 减少肠道高草酸尿症患者尿中草酸盐排泄的功效,这种疾病的潜在病理生理学与 reloxaliase 的作用机制非常吻合。 与接受安慰剂的参与者相比,服用 reloxaliase 的参与者报告的胃肠道不良事件更多,但副作用和不良事件概况没有影响到治疗。 Reloxaliase 显着降低了 UOx; 这些减少是否足以减少草酸盐肾结石的形成无法从我们的试验中确定。

本研究中观察到的 UOx 适度减少理论上可以对减少肾结石和防止草酸盐引起的肾损伤产生重大影响。

原始出处:

Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Reloxaliase in Enteric Hyperoxaluria. NEJM Evid 2022; 1 (7) DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2100053

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    2022-07-08 小元

    NEJM上果然牛,感谢梅斯更新及时

    0

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