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Lancet:肝损伤是新型冠状病毒感染肺炎的死亡的风险因素?

2020-02-01 不详 网络

1月29日,这一专栏又发表了2篇关于新冠肺炎的文章,其中一篇介绍了来自武汉金银潭医院的99例新冠肺炎患者,更加精细地分析了患者的特点和预后情况,其中重点提到了感染对患者预后的影响。本次公布的99例病例均来源于2020年1月1-20日在武汉市金银潭医院确诊的新型冠状病毒肺炎病例,但不包含被确诊的医务人员,99例患者平均年龄55.5岁,其中有67例男性和32例女性,2例患者为夫妻关系,仅49例患者

1月29日,这一专栏又发表了2篇关于新冠肺炎的文章,其中一篇介绍了来自武汉金银潭医院的99例新冠肺炎患者,更加精细地分析了患者的特点和预后情况,其中重点提到了感染对患者预后的影响。

本次公布的99例病例均来源于2020年1月1-20日在武汉市金银潭医院确诊的新型冠状病毒肺炎病例,但不包含被确诊的医务人员,99例患者平均年龄55.5岁,其中有67例男性和32例女性,2例患者为夫妻关系,仅49例患者有华南生鲜市场暴露史,截至1月25日,99例患者中已有31例康复出院,11例死亡。

有43例出现了不同程度的肝功能损伤,其中1例表现为严重肝损害(ALT 7590 U/L,AST 1445 U/L),事实上,大部分患者都观察到了肝功能异常,在76例患者中观察到乳酸脱氢酶的升高,13例观察到肌酸激酶的升高,目前并不能确定是病毒特性导致还是药物性肝损伤。

此外,研究人员还观察到了76例患者C反应蛋白明显升高、7例患者出现不同程度的肾功能损伤、12例血小板低于正常水平、4例血小板高于正常水平和6例降钙素原升高。

99例患者血象表现

研究人员表示本次披露的病例中不包括被感染的医务人员(一共15人,其中14人为同一患者传染的),并且指出:“SARS的死亡率超过10%,MERS-CoV的死亡率超过35%,而本次观察性研究中的病死率为11%。”这个数据显然低于了之前“41例新冠肺炎患者特点”中观察到的15%,而27日国家卫健委发布文件中预测新冠的死亡率将在3%左右……

研究人员同时观察到本次11例新冠肺炎死亡病例与预测病毒性肺炎死亡率的MuLBSTA评分(编者注:该评分包括年龄≥60岁、有吸烟史、高血压病史、影像学多肺叶浸润、淋巴细胞计数≤0.8*10^9/L以及合并细菌感染在内的六大临床特征,得分>12分为病毒性肺炎死亡高风险,详见题为“Clinical features predicting mortality risk in patients with viral pneumonia: the MuLBSTA score”的论文)相符,但MuLBSTA评分能否用于患者结局预测,还有待进一步探索。

多重感染很危险,哪些人易感?

虽然本次论文中展现的感染性休克仅有4例,但研究人员认为应该重视感染的问题:“免疫功能低下的人群,例如老年人、糖尿病患者、HIV 感染者、长期使用免疫抑制剂的人群和孕妇感染新冠肺炎,及时给予抗生素预防感染和加强免疫支持治疗可降低并发症和死亡率。


99例患者中,4例发生感染性休克

回看这99个病例,虽然大部分没有出现感染性休克,感染的切实证据也很少,但在详细描述的两个死亡病例中,就有一例出现了脓毒血症,并且很快死于器官衰竭。

99例患者中,大部分都接受了抗生素治疗(70人,71%),15人进行了抗真菌治疗,75人进行了抗病毒治疗。在接受抗生素治疗的患者中25(25%)位患者接受了单一抗生素治疗,而更多患者( 45人,45%)接受了两种或以上抗生素的联合治疗。

这也反映了临床医生对患者抗感染治疗的重视程度。

99例新冠肺炎患者治疗情况

在文章的讨论部分,研究者表达了很多自己针对本次新肺炎的见解,其中有来自本次99个病例的归纳分析,也有来自之前H1N1疫情、H7N9疫情、SARS和MERS的回顾总结。

1.关于易感人群:作者表示,根据本次的观察性研究来看,新冠肺炎的确更容易感染中老年、本身具有基础疾病的男性而这些患者容易感染的原因在于自身免疫力较低。而根据之前的一些研究,推测由于X染色体和性激素的免疫调节作用,女性可能不易感染新冠[1,4]

但这就跟《柳叶刀》之前发表的“41例新冠肺炎患者特征”一样,只是基于小样本观察得出的结论,或许对本次疫情有参考价值,但不一定能够作为最终结论。

2.关于肥胖患者的预后:研究者综合了之前H7N9疫情中的重症患者预后情况[5],指出肥胖会提高患者出现呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的风险和死亡风险,影响患者预后。

另外需要强调的是,虽然99例患者中大部分都进行了抗菌治疗,但需要提醒临床医生注意的是,就目前文章中披露的信息来看,不是所有患者都有明确的细菌、真菌感染证据,而28日发表的《新型冠状病毒诊疗方案(第四版)》中指出[3]

避免盲目或不恰当使用抗菌药物,尤其是联合使用广谱抗菌药物。加强细菌学监测,有继发细菌感染证据时及时应用抗菌药物。

相关文献:

[1]https://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673620302117.pdf
[2]http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yjb/s3578/202001/5d19a4f6d3154b9fae328918ed2e3c8a.shtml
[3]《新型冠状病毒诊疗方案(第四版)》
[4]Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 56: 308–21.
[5]Wang XF, Shi GC, Wan HY, et al. Clinical features of three avian influenza H7N9 virus-infected patients in Shanghai. Clin Respir J 2014; 8: 410–16.

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    2020-06-05 howi
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