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美国肝病研究学会肝癌诊治指南诊断要点

2014-03-03 佚名 医学论坛网

许多国家,肝癌(HCC)的发生率逐渐升高。肝癌患者的治疗需要多学科的参与,包括肝脏内科、外科、肝移植小组、肿瘤科、介入科及放疗科。HCC的发生通常有相关的肝病背景,因此在治疗前、治疗过程中及治疗后对肝功能损害的评估显得尤为重要。监测及评估HCC高危人群筛查发现肝脏小结节病变时的检查流程1、具有发生HCC高危风险的患者,应纳入监测程序(I级)。2、列入移植名单上等待肝移植的患者应进行HCC筛查,因为

许多国家,肝癌(HCC)的发生率逐渐升高。肝癌患者的治疗需要多学科的参与,包括肝脏内科、外科、肝移植小组、肿瘤科、介入科及放疗科。HCC的发生通常有相关的肝病背景,因此在治疗前、治疗过程中及治疗后对肝功能损害的评估显得尤为重要。

监测及评估




HCC高危人群筛查发现肝脏小结节病变时的检查流程

1、具有发生HCC高危风险的患者,应纳入监测程序(I级)。

2、列入移植名单上等待肝移植的患者应进行HCC筛查,因为在美国HCC的发生增加了肝移植的优先权,如果不作筛查,意味着患者可能在医师未察觉的情况下发展至HCC,从而超出移植标准(Ⅲ级)。

3、应使用超声检查进行HCC监测(Ⅱ级)。

4、患者应每间隔6个月进行复查(Ⅱ级)。

5、 HCC高风险的患者不需要缩短监测间隔时间(m级)。

6、超声监测发现

7、肝硬化患者超声筛查发现>1 em的结节,应使用4期多排CT扫描(MDCT)或动态对比增强MRI进一步检查,如病灶呈现典型的HCC表现(动脉期强化,门静脉期或延迟期造影剂洗脱),应视为HCC进行治疗。如检查结果不典型或血管影像不典型,应采用另一种造影剂增强的影像学检查或行病灶活组织检查以帮助诊断(Ⅱ级)。

8、小病灶的活组织检查应由专业的病理学家评估。对不确定肝癌的组织,应使用所有可获取的标志物进行染色,包括CD34、CK7、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(glypican 3)、HSP一70和谷氨酰胺合成酶,以增加诊断的准确性(flI级)。

9、如疑诊HCC的患者活组织检查结果为阴性,应每隔3—6个月进行随访,直到结节消失、变大或表现出HCC的诊断特征。如果病变增大但仍无HCC典型表现,建议再次进行活组织检查(Ⅲ级)。

10、为了更好地评估HCC患者的预后,建议综合考虑肿瘤分期、肝功能状况及全身状况。评估预计寿命时也应当考虑到治疗的影响。巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期(BCLC)系统是目前唯一能实现上述目标的分期系统(Ⅱ级)。

11、甲胎蛋白(AFP)在诊断中的作用

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