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诱导性多功能干细胞(iPSCs)十年记:改变世界的伟大技术

2016-06-21 佚名 奇点网

在2006年6月,来自日本京都大学的山中伸弥(Shinya Yamanaka)教授在国际干细胞研究协会的年会上提出了“诱导性多功能干细胞(iPSCs)”这一概念,震惊四座。大家都不相信有这样一种神奇的细胞,但是当时一起参会的来自麻省理工学院(MIT)的一位生物学家Rudolf Jaenisch对山中教授表示了支持,尽管这在当时是一项十分超前的发现,不过事实证明,Rudolf Jaenisch是

在2006年6月,来自日本京都大学的山中伸弥(Shinya Yamanaka)教授在国际干细胞研究协会的年会上提出了“诱导性多功能干细胞(iPSCs)”这一概念,震惊四座。大家都不相信有这样一种神奇的细胞,但是当时一起参会的来自麻省理工学院(MIT)的一位生物学家Rudolf Jaenisch对山中教授表示了支持,尽管这在当时是一项十分超前的发现,不过事实证明,Rudolf Jaenisch是十分有眼光的。

山中伸弥教授

iPSCs对于再生医学研究是一个巨大的福利,研究人员可以用一个人的皮肤细胞、血细胞或者其他细胞进行重新编码,将它们转化为诱导性多功能干细胞,这些细胞就可以分化为干细胞、神经细胞或是其他任何需要再生的细胞。这种个性化的疾病治疗方法不仅可以规避免疫排斥的风险,还能避免使用胚胎干细胞带来的伦理方面的争论。

到现在,10年的时间中,唯一一个使用iPSCs的临床试验在2015年被叫停,而这个试验中只有一个人接受了治疗。由于这种治疗方法很难得到发展,所以,研究人员的目标发生了转变。他们将iPSCs变成了模拟和研究人类疾病以及药物筛查的重要工具。改良后的细胞培养方法加上基因编辑技术,让iPSCs成为了实验室的主力,为研究无限制提供了过去很难分离出的人体组织,这在人类发展和神经系统疾病领域是极其有价值的。

从皮肤到眼睛

在2006年的干细胞研究协会年会结束仅仅6周之后,山中伸弥教授和他的学生高桥一俊(Kazutoshi Takahashi)就发表文章称发现了控制成熟细胞重编程的基因。一年后,包括山中教授实验室在内的三个实验室都验证了文章的真实性,并且还改进了重编程的方法。又过了6个月,山中教授和来自威斯康辛-麦迪逊大学的James Thomson成功对人体内提取的成熟细胞进行了重编程。于是这一技术在全世界的实验室中被广泛使用,截止到2009年末,大约300篇基于iPSCs的文章在各个学术刊物上发表。

James Thompson

2012年,在山中教授获得诺贝尔生理学和医学奖之时,第一个基于iPSCs的人类治疗临床试验也在紧张筹备着。在日本理化研究所发育生物学中心工作的,本来研究胚胎干细胞疗法治疗视网膜疾病的高桥雅代(Masayo Takahashi)医生,在看到山中教授的论文后,迅速转向研究iPSCs,并且与山中教授开始了合作。

在2013年,高桥医生的团队从两名老年性黄斑病变的病人身上提取了皮肤细胞,将它们转化成了可供治疗使用的视网膜色素上皮细胞(RPE)。2014年9月,她带领日本理化所的研究人员利用iPSCs培育出了视网膜色素上皮细胞层,并且成功移植到了一名70岁女患者的右眼中,这是世界首例利用iPSC完成的移植手术。手术后,这名患者眼部的黄斑病变停止,而且重见了光明,这无疑是“在平静的水面上激起了滔天大浪”。

眼部黄斑病变患者的情况

但是,当她们准备实施第二例手术时,意外发现了在患者的iPSCs和RPE细胞中存在两个微小的基因突变。尽管没有证据表明这会导致癌症,但是为了患者的安全,治疗还是暂停了。这在当时使得其他研究iPSCs的科学家们也停下了脚步,大家都在观察,这一研究究竟会如何发展。

在美国,位于马萨诸塞州马尔勒斯的阿斯特拉再生医学研究所拥有几条以iPS细胞疗法为基础的相关产品线,包括黄斑性病变和青光眼等等。对于任何一种疗法来说,都需要花费数年的时间在大量的细胞中寻找正确的细胞类型,并且保证足够的纯度。研究所的首席科学家Robert Lanza表示:“iPSCs是临床推荐中最复杂的动态化治疗手段,我是最想看到它应用在临床中的,但是我们需要十分小心谨慎地进行研究。”

除此之外,另一个巨大的挑战是需要弄清楚怎样才能让这种疗法得到认可。研究人员希望在未来两年中,能用iPSCs来治疗帕金森症,但是这仍然是困难重重的,iPSCs疗法会从患者身上提取细胞,研究人员需要对每一个细胞系进行一系列复杂的检验才能向FDA证明它的安全性。

山中教授介绍iPSCs疗法时曾说,即使在一个人身上发展并测试这种疗法都是有意义的,但是这需要一年的时间和一百万美元的费用。面对如此要求,山中教授和高桥医生都表示,希望能建立“细胞银行”,存储捐献者的iPSCs,这样就不用从每个患者身上去提取了。但前提是必须知道会不会产生一些不良的免疫反应。因此高桥医生希望能向日本政府争取恢复她的“黄斑退化治疗”实验,尽管没有得到一个明确的回复,但是她一直对此充满信心,并且公开表示,很快就会得到政府批准。

细胞疗法的改进

尽管细胞疗法遭受了挫折,但是这一研究领域的其他方向却是大放异彩,比如制造iPSCs的技术。不过在制造iPSCs时的重编程技术效率太低也让人很头疼,只有一小部分的细胞能完全被重新编程;并且,iPSCs的细胞株十分不稳定,在实验中很难控制。一位来自纽约洛克菲勒大学的神经学家Marc Tessier-Lavigne和他的同事们决心要解决这一问题。他们研究了来自早发型阿尔茨海默氏病和额颞叶性痴呆患者的iPSCs,发现和来自健康人的相比,差异巨大,可能是遗传背景和基因表达作用的结果。

于是研究人员把目光投到了基因编辑上。他们选择了近年来火的不要不要的CRISPR–Cas9,用它把疾病相关的突变转进iPSCs样品中,与未进行编辑的原始细胞系进行比较。新的精确的基因编辑技术是十分强大的,在4月份的时候,Dominik Paquet和Dylan Kwart在Tessier-Lavigne的实验室里演示了利用CRISPR将一个特殊的点突变转进了iPSCs中,并且对它的单拷贝进行编辑。这样就产生了与阿尔茨海默氏病相关突变精确结合的细胞,后续研究就可以相继开展了。

由于iPSCs和胚胎干细胞很像,因此它们不是研究晚发型性疾病,例如痴呆症的理想对象。科学家们也积极地寻找刺激细胞或是引入蛋白质等方法使细胞“早熟”,尽管问题还没有得到解决,不过还有很多方法可供尝试。

iPSCs能够模拟人早期生长发育情况这一特性在另一个领域也显示了自己的身手——寨卡病毒是如何在孕妇体内影响婴儿出现小头畸形的。研究人员利用iPSCs分化出了人脑中的组织、器官。当他们将这些暴露在病毒中时,病毒会首先攻击神经干细胞,导致神经干细胞死亡数量大幅度增加,使得大脑皮层中神经细胞层减少,出现了类似小头畸形的症状。

寨卡病毒导致的小头畸形

iPSCs在药物研发中也起到了很大作用,它们为药物试验提供了充足的来源。今年,一个团队从一些遗传性疼痛障碍患者体内提取出了iPSCs,并用它们转化出了神经元细胞,在基于此的研究上发现,含钠的化合物能够降低神经元的兴奋度,减少患者的疼痛。用iPSCs试验出人体可能对某种特殊的药物产生怎样的反应,这对于药物研究来说是有很大益处的,但是这种方法还需要大量的实验去支撑,证实。

即使细胞重编程的研究已经进行了10年之久,但是这个过程是如何进行的,仍然没有一个完整的答案。现在,这个领域关注的多是通过检查基因组、基因表达模式等等来程序性检验细胞系的特性和安全性。今年3月,在诸多研究人员的努力下,欧洲诱导性多功能干细胞银行在英国剑桥落成,并且公开了他们的可以在疾病治疗中使用的标准化iPSCs目录。当然,山中伸弥教授作为iPSCs的发现者,也加入了干细胞银行细胞疗法的研究中,为不同人群免疫兼容性的研究收集了大量数据。

对于iPSCs来说,未来最大的挑战并不是科学研究。研究员们需要政府和制药行业的大力支持,去推动细胞疗法的进步,对于药物研发和疾病模型,研究人员们必须要做到坚持、有耐心。无论是iPSCs还是其他任何新的技术,都只有时间才能证明它的作用。

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    2016-06-23 wxsession8b50a880

    可诱导的干细胞,经历10年,真真正正的改变了整个生物学

    0

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    2016-06-23 chengjn
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    2016-06-23 gjsgj
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    2016-06-23 caoliehu
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    2016-06-23 仁心济世
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