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SCI TRANSL MED:科学家在微型芯片模拟肺水肿

2012-11-23 SCI TRANSL MED SCI TRANSL MED

来自哈佛大学Wyss生物工程研究所的研究人员在排列人类活细胞的微型芯片上模拟了肺水肿。正如发表《科学—转化医学》(Science Translation Medicine)杂志上的论文所报道,他们利用这种“芯片上的肺”(lung-on-a-chip)研究了药物的毒性并确定了防止这种威胁生命的疾病的潜在新治疗。 这一研究提供了进一步的概念证明“芯片上的器官”(organs-on-chips

来自哈佛大学Wyss生物工程研究所的研究人员在排列人类活细胞的微型芯片上模拟了肺水肿。正如发表《科学—转化医学》(Science Translation Medicine)杂志上的论文所报道,他们利用这种“芯片上的肺”(lung-on-a-chip)研究了药物的毒性并确定了防止这种威胁生命的疾病的潜在新治疗。
 
这一研究提供了进一步的概念证明“芯片上的器官”(organs-on-chips)拥有巨大的潜力替代传统方法进行药物发现和开发。
 
研究的资深作者、Wyss生物工程研究所创始主任Donald Ingber博士说:“大型制药公司花费很多的时间和大量的金钱在细胞培养物和动物测试上以开发新药。但这些方法往往无法预测这些药物对于人体的影响。”
 
研究小组于2年前首次描述的这种lung-on-a-chip是一种透明、柔性的多聚物,大约一个记忆棒大小,包含空心通道,采用计算机微芯片制造技术制成。两个通道用一种薄的柔性的多孔膜分隔,一面排列来自气囊的人类肺细胞并暴露于空气中;另一面上放置人类毛细血管血液细胞,培养液留过它们的表面。向侧通道施加真空使这一组织间的界面变形重建呼吸时人类肺组织的物理扩张和收缩。
 
Wyss技术开发人员Dongeun Huh博士在“芯片上的肺”中研究了一种称作IL-2的癌症化疗药物。IL-2的主要毒副作用是肺水肿,这是一种肺脏中充满液体和血凝块的致病性疾病。
 
当将IL-2注入到lung-on-a-chip的血液通道中,液体漏过膜及两个组织层,减少了另外一个通道中的空气量,损害了氧运输——就像当以相等剂量,相同的时间过程内在人类患者肺脏中的情形。血浆蛋白还进入到空气通道,导致空气空间中形成血凝块,如同用IL-2治疗的人类中所发生的。
 
研究结果表明呼吸的物理行为大大地促进了IL-2在肺水肿中的效应——“一些临床医生和科学家们从来没有怀疑过的东西,”Ingber说。当研究小组接通开启在芯片上的真空模拟呼吸,当用临床相关IL-2剂量治疗时液体渗漏增高了3倍,Wyss研究小组在肺气肿的动物模型中证实发生了同样的反应。这一结果有可能表明医生用IL-2治疗戴上呼吸器的患者,应该减少压入肺中空气的潮气量以减少这一药物的副作用。
 
对于未来的药物测试最令人兴奋的是Wyss研究小组发现“这种芯片上人类肺水肿模型可用于体外鉴别新的潜在治疗药物,”Ingber说。在lung-on-a-chip疾病模型中的肺水肿症状可通过葛兰素史克公司(GSK)开发的一类新药TRPV4通道阻滞剂来治疗。在发表于同一杂志的另一项研究中,GSK的研究小组采用一种由心衰引起的肺水肿动物模型证实了TRPV4抑制在减轻肺水肿上的积极效应。
 
“在短短两年多的时间内,我们从初步的lung-on-a-chip设计进展至证实它模拟一种复杂人类疾病的潜力,它让人们大概了解了未来药物发现和开发有可能是什么样,”Ingber说。
 
“芯片上的器官代笔了一种模拟人类器官结构、生物学和功能的新方法,这一点通过这一工程肺的复杂呼吸行为得到了证实。这种呼吸行为是重要的,提供了肺水肿病因学的新认识。这些结果为更广泛地利用这种微系统研究疾病病理学提供了支持,并有希望鉴别出新的治疗靶点,”NIH项目协调、规划和战略行动部主任James M. Anderson博士说。

A Human Disease Model of Drug Toxicity–Induced Pulmonary Edema in a Lung-on-a-Chip Microdevice

Preclinical drug development studies currently rely on costly and time-consuming animal testing because existing cell culturemodels fail to recapitulate complex, organ-level disease processes in humans. We provide the proof of principle for usinga biomimetic microdevice that reconstitutes organ-level lung functions to create a human disease model-on-a-chip that mimicspulmonary edema. The microfluidic device, which reconstitutes the alveolar-capillary interface of the human lung, consistsof channels lined by closely apposed layers of human pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells that experience air and fluidflow, as well as cyclic mechanical strain to mimic normal breathing motions. This device was used to reproduce drug toxicity–inducedpulmonary edema observed in human cancer patients treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) at similar doses and over the same timeframe. Studies using this on-chip disease model revealed that mechanical forces associated with physiological breathing motionsplay a crucial role in the development of increased vascular leakage that leads to pulmonary edema, and that circulating immunecells are not required for the development of this disease. These studies also led to identification of potential new therapeutics,including angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and a new transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel inhibitor (GSK2193874),which might prevent this life-threatening toxicity of IL-2 in the future.

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    2013-07-27 bsmagic9140
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    2012-11-25 小华子
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    2012-11-25 lixiaol
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