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透析相关性低血压的8大预警信号

2018-11-08 佚名 沈阳军区总医院净化中心

透析相关性低血压指平均动脉压比透析前下降30 mmHg以上,收缩压降至90 mmHg以下。是透析患者常见的并发症之一,发生率为25%-50%,多出现于透析的初始或后1-2小时内,临床上可表现出一系列的前驱症状。

透析相关性低血压指平均动脉压比透析前下降30 mmHg以上,收缩压降至90 mmHg以下。是透析患者常见的并发症之一,发生率为25%-50%,多出现于透析的初始或后1-2小时内,临床上可表现出一系列的前驱症状。

1. 出汗伴恶心呕吐

多由于超滤量过多或超滤速度过快引起血容量下降所致。患者表现为焦虑、出汗,自诉无力,胸闷不适、烦热,应警惕低血压的发生。如不及时处理随即患者大汗淋漓,可伴有恶心呕吐等即已发生低血压。

2. 肌肉痉挛

透析发生率为10%-15%。由于超滤过多过快,循环血量减少和肌肉脱水过多有关。多发生于透析中或透析后数小时内,表现为:局部肌肉强直性收缩(俗称抽筋),下肢肌肉或腹部肌肉痉挛,疼痛剧烈。肌肉痉挛发生的同时或随后即有血压下降,一般可持续数分钟。

3. 口渴,声音嘶哑

多发生于患者体重控制不理想,透析间期体重增长过多的患者。特别是上机前短时间内饮用大量的水,当血管内的水分被脱出,血管外组织间隙的水不能及时转移到血管内,导致超滤量大于组织液的回流量,患者自感极度口渴、烦热、说话声音沙哑,警惕血压即将下降或已开始下降。

4. 眼球干涩,凹陷

常发生于初始阶段透析的年轻患者。在没有掌握好干体重的情况下,超滤率设定过大,再出现负超值时,机体各方面处于代偿阶段时,眼球会出现干涩不适、凹陷伴口渴,应警惕低血压即将发生。

5. 腹痛,便意感

多发生于贫血、糖尿病、基础血压低、血容量不足的患者。患者自诉腹部疼痛、有便意,似伤食腹泻感,症状反应急,患者往往要求立即停机排便,但多无大便排出。当血液回输入体内,症状随即减弱或消失。重新上机要及时调整透析参数,防止低血压的发生。

6. 打哈欠

多发生于透析3-4小时内,由于超滤量过多,血液循环量减少,供应于脑组织的血液量相对不足,患者往往频频打哈欠。而频繁打哈欠时,监测血压并无大的变化,常常瞬间低血压即发生,且程度严重,患者常伴呕吐,大汗,甚至出现一过性意识丧失,应予以高度警惕。

7. 头晕、头痛

多发生于老年体弱或糖尿病患者。患者心脏代偿不全,血浆再充盈不足,静脉容量扩张,动脉张力降低等。当将体内血液的一部分引出进行体外循环时,则造成脑缺血缺氧引起头晕、头痛。随即可能会发生低血压。


另外糖尿病患者为防止透析中低血糖的发生,透析中过多过快的进食食物,使部血管扩张,血液分流,引起短暂性的供血不足,患者往往首先表现为头晕、头痛,之后应警惕低血压的发生。

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    2021-08-20 nahsey

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    2018-11-08 医者仁心5538

    学习了

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