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这种病早期症状酷似感冒,误诊极易出人命!

2019-01-24 兰花草 基层医师公社

它就叫流行性出血热,又称肾综合征出血热,是由流行性出血热病毒(汉坦病毒)引起的,以鼠类为主要传染源的人兽共患自然疫源性疾病。一年四季均可发病,野鼠型以11月至次年1月为高峰,家鼠型流行高峰为3-5月。

它就叫流行性出血热,又称肾综合征出血热,是由流行性出血热病毒(汉坦病毒)引起的,以鼠类为主要传染源的人兽共患自然疫源性疾病。一年四季均可发病,野鼠型以11月至次年1月为高峰,家鼠型流行高峰为3-5月。

时下,冬季来临,此病作为季节性传染病,严重危害着人类健康。近日就有媒体报道一患者因感染流行性出血热病毒不幸去世。

据《新京报》2018年12月21日消息,陈某今年20岁,从2017年开始,在西安医学高等专科学校读书。今年12月12日,他在校期间出现发热症状,12月14日下午,舍友见其状况不太好,就带他前往西安医学高等专科学校附属医院就诊。医院初步诊断为:“发热原因待查、流行性出血热疑诊,告病重”。

家人得知情况后,让陈某舍友联系救护车将其转到空军工程大学唐都医院。12月14日17时左右进入唐都医院,陈某被确诊为:流行性出血热,随后立即转到感染性疾病科ICU病房。经过3天抢救,17日12时左右,唐都医院告知家属陈某死亡。

关于陈某的发病原因,我们暂且不做讨论。但流行性出血热的相关知识,我们每一位基层医生都有必要掌握。

流行性出血热主要临床表现

流行性出血热早期特有的临床症状就是发热,同时,可伴有全身中毒症状,主要表现为头痛、腰痛、眼眶痛、全身肌肉关节酸痛等。

此外,还伴有毛细血管损害征,如充血、渗出和出血现象,其中,皮肤充血潮红主要见于颜面、颈、胸等部位,重症患者可呈酒醉貌。

典型临床表现:

流行性出血热除了上述临床表现之外,典型病例还具有发热、出血、肾损害等三大主征,需要经过发热期、低血压休克期、少尿期、多尿期和恢复期等五个时期才可痊愈。

流行性出血热治疗原则

由于流行性出血热发病急、进展快,所以遵循“三早一就”治疗原则非常重要,即早期发现、早期休息、早期治疗和就近治疗。

其中以综合治疗为主,早期应用抗病毒药物,针对各期病理生理变化对症治疗十分关键,并把好休克、出血、肾功能衰竭和感染“四关”。

一般情况下,发热期可用物理降温或肾上腺皮质激素等;如果发生低血压休克时应及时补充血容量,常用的有低分子右旋糖酐、补液、血浆、蛋白等;如有少尿情况发生,可用利尿剂(如速尿等)静脉注射;多尿时应补充足够液体和电解质(钾盐),以口服为主;进入恢复期后,当注意防止并发症,加强营养,逐步恢复活动。

流行性出血热的鉴别诊断

流行性出血热早期症状,肾脏损害及蛋白尿并不明显,而且症状酷似普通感冒,所以鉴别起来比较困难。尤其一些非典型病例,以及特殊临床表现的病例、非疫区或散发病例,基层医生由于条件所限和经验误导,更易误诊为感冒症状而盲目治疗,往往耽误最佳治疗时期。

因此,流行性出血热的鉴别诊断至关重要,发热期应与上呼吸道感染、流行性感冒、败血症、伤寒、钩端螺旋体病、急性肠炎和菌痢等鉴别;有皮肤出血斑者应与血小板减少性紫癜区别;蛋白尿应与急性肾盂肾炎、急性肾小球肾炎相区别;腹痛应与急性阑尾炎、急性胆囊炎相区别;消化道出血应与溃疡病出血相区别;咯血应与支气管扩张、肺结核咯血相区别;休克期应与其他感染性休克鉴别;少尿期应与急性肾炎及其他原因引起的急性肾衰竭相鉴别;出血明显者需与消化性溃疡出血、血小板减少性紫癜和其他原因所致DIC鉴别。

在这些鉴别诊断中,上呼吸道感染是其最难以鉴别的症状之一,可以通过以下两点初步鉴别:

1、流行性感冒、普通感冒及上呼吸道感染常呈多发,周围有类似病患出现,而出血热则呈高度的散发性,一户很少有两人以上甚至一个自然村也很少同时有多例病人出现;

2、出血热体温多呈骤升,24小时之内即可达高峰,热势稽留,并具短程。

如何预防

1、管理传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群;

2、定期消除鼠患;

3、做好个人卫生和食品卫生,饭前便后洗手,不吃生冷食品,不接触鼠类及其排泄物,不接触被老鼠啃咬、被老鼠排泄物污染的食物;

4、接种出血热疫苗。

总之,流行性出血热是一种比较危险的传染性疾病,人群普遍易感,尤其以男性青壮年农民、工人和疫区工作者为主。

进入冬季,此病更容易发生,基层医生如果在临床工作的过程之中,遇上原因不明的急性发热病人或可疑病例,必须立即想到此病,并当机立断进一步确诊,以免造成病情延误,而引起不必要的纠纷和麻烦。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668683, encodeId=58271668683a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=914a5941660' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早期症状#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59416, encryptionId=914a5941660, topicName=早期症状)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ed026379365, createdName=daviiliu, createdTime=Sun Jul 07 09:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359170, encodeId=535e3591e0bc, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/01/02/f667a67c6692f1e356c51a346d5b382f.jpg, createdBy=7b7a2515105, createdName=Janeinair, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 07:15:40 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359169, encodeId=de1f359169a6, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Jan 25 07:08:06 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359161, encodeId=e9ba359161d4, content=好好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 06:02:19 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359149, encodeId=e7cc35914989, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Thu Jan 24 22:44:38 CST 2019, time=2019-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-25 Janeinair

    学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668683, encodeId=58271668683a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=914a5941660' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早期症状#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59416, encryptionId=914a5941660, topicName=早期症状)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ed026379365, createdName=daviiliu, createdTime=Sun Jul 07 09:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359170, encodeId=535e3591e0bc, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/01/02/f667a67c6692f1e356c51a346d5b382f.jpg, createdBy=7b7a2515105, createdName=Janeinair, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 07:15:40 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359169, encodeId=de1f359169a6, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Jan 25 07:08:06 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359161, encodeId=e9ba359161d4, content=好好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 06:02:19 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359149, encodeId=e7cc35914989, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Thu Jan 24 22:44:38 CST 2019, time=2019-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-25 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1668683, encodeId=58271668683a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=914a5941660' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#早期症状#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59416, encryptionId=914a5941660, topicName=早期症状)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ed026379365, createdName=daviiliu, createdTime=Sun Jul 07 09:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359170, encodeId=535e3591e0bc, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/01/02/f667a67c6692f1e356c51a346d5b382f.jpg, createdBy=7b7a2515105, createdName=Janeinair, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 07:15:40 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359169, encodeId=de1f359169a6, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Jan 25 07:08:06 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359161, encodeId=e9ba359161d4, content=好好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri Jan 25 06:02:19 CST 2019, time=2019-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359149, encodeId=e7cc35914989, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Thu Jan 24 22:44:38 CST 2019, time=2019-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-01-25 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好好

    0

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    2019-01-24 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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  11月12日,卫生部发布2012年10月全国疫情报告数据显示,当月全国法定传染病报告发病数较上月增加20412例,报告死亡数较上月减少202例,艾滋病、肺结核、狂犬病、病毒性肝炎报告死亡病例数均较上月减少;但流行性出血热报告发病数与报告死亡数双双成倍增加,分别达到了1296例和10例,其中报告发病数创下了今年以来新高,报告死亡数则是继1月以来第2次达到两位数。   根据卫生部通报,2012年

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