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病例分享:延缓2型糖尿病的进展,从胰岛功能保护做起!

2018-05-09 阿拉蕾 马玲玲 中国医学论坛报

患者,男,60岁。现病史:患者10年余前无明显诱因出现口干、多饮、多尿症状,多次测空腹血糖为7.0-9.0 mmol/L,诊断为2型糖尿病,曾不规律服用二甲双胍(0.25 g,tid)及格列美脲(1 mg,qd),上述症状缓解,自测空腹血糖在6 mmol/L左右,餐后血糖在8-10 mmol/L。

病例提供者:内蒙古北方医院内分泌科  马玲玲  

简要病史

1、患者,男,60岁。

2、现病史:患者10年余前无明显诱因出现口干、多饮、多尿症状,多次测空腹血糖为7.0-9.0 mmol/L,诊断为2型糖尿病,曾不规律服用二甲双胍(0.25 g,tid)及格列美脲(1 mg,qd),上述症状缓解,自测空腹血糖在6 mmol/L左右,餐后血糖在8-10 mmol/L。

3年前,患者因血糖控制不稳定,餐后血糖波动于12-19 mmol/L,且发生过1次午餐前低血糖反应(自测血糖3.9 mmol/L)就诊,完善胰岛素及C肽释放试验后,显示C肽基础值正常,餐后有一定峰值,但延迟释放。

根据检查结果,嘱患者严格控制饮食,加强运动,调整方案强化降糖,具体用药为盐酸二甲双胍片(0.5 g,tid)及西格列汀(100 mg,qd),地特胰岛素(12 u,qd,ih)。

强化方案治疗2周后,患者血糖平稳,逐渐停用胰岛素,继续盐酸二甲双胍片(0.5 g,tid)及西格列汀(100 mg,qd)服用至今。监测空腹血糖在6.5-8.0 mmol/L,餐后2小时7.5-9.5 mmol/L。

起病以来,患者精神、食欲、睡眠尚可,体重无明显变化。

3、既往史:患者有高血压病史10余年,血压最高160/100  mmHg,平素口服硝苯地平缓释片联合氯沙坦钾降压治疗。两兄弟均患有糖尿病

查体

BP:135/90 mmHg,腹围:90 cm,体重:70 kg,BMI:23.67 kg/m2,心、肺、腹查体未及明显异常,双下肢不肿,双足皮温正常,神经系统查体无异常。

辅助检查

2015年8月27日(门诊化验)

(OGTT)空腹:9.34 mmol/L,餐后1小时:16.96 mmol/L,餐后2小时:20.70 mmol/L,餐后3小时:17.23 mmol/L。(C肽释放)空腹:1.69 ng/ml,餐后1小时:3.27 ng/ml,餐后2小时:5.27 ng/ml,餐后3小时:5.13 ng/ml。糖化血红蛋白:8.3%。

2016年12月,糖化血红蛋白:7.9%。

2017年6月,糖化血红蛋白:7.2%。

2018年4月22日(门诊化验)

(C肽释放)空腹:1.52 ng/ml,餐后1小时:3.5 ng/ml,餐后2小时:5.16 ng/ml,餐后3小时:4.97 ng/ml。糖化血红蛋白:7.0%。


1、2型糖尿病;2、高血压病2级,极高危组。

目前治疗方案

1、二甲双胍肠溶片:0.5 g tid;2、西格列汀:100 mg qd;3、氯沙坦钾:50 mg,qd;4、硝苯地平缓释片:20  mg qd;5、阿司匹林肠溶片:75 mg qd。

病例讨论

1、2018年1月,《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2017年版)》发表于《中华糖尿病杂志》,指南中指出:2型糖尿病随着病程的进展,血糖有逐渐升高的趋势,控制高血糖的治疗强度也应随之加强。

如单独使用二甲双胍治疗而血糖未达标,则可进行二联治疗,加用胰岛素促泌剂、α-糖苷酶抑制剂、DPP-4抑制剂、TZDs、SGLT2抑制剂、胰岛素或GLP-1受体激动剂。上述不同机制的降糖药物可以三种药物联合使用。


(图:2型糖尿病高血糖治疗简易路径)

2、2型糖尿病患者的胰岛β细胞数量减少伴功能衰竭,既往认为β细胞凋亡是主要原因。2012年,Accili等提出β细胞去分化才是导致β细胞功能衰竭的主要机制,结果发表在《Cell》杂志。



后续研究发现,2型糖尿病患者的胰腺中,α细胞转录因子表达量较对照组显著升高,支持胰岛β细胞向α细胞去分化的观点;并且,胰岛β细胞去分化程度越高,胰岛素分泌功能下降越明显。

但是,β细胞的去分化具有“可逆性”,解除高糖毒性后,去分化的细胞可重新分化成具有分泌功能的β细胞。

3、GLP-1可通过降低内质网应激等多种途径调控β细胞。DPP-4抑制剂可能通过GLP-1途径干预β细胞的凋亡和去分化,成为2型糖尿病干预的靶点。

研究显示,DPP-4抑制剂(西格列汀)能使糖尿病小鼠胰岛形态恢复正常,β细胞比例恢复至接近正常水平,并有效减少α细胞比例。

图片来源于:Mu J, et al. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009; 623: 148-154.

4、ODYSSEE研究显示,相较二甲双胍+磺脲类,二甲双胍+西格列汀的治疗维持时间更长(43.2个月 vs 20.2个月,p<0.001),提示两种联合用药方案对β细胞的影响不同,西格列汀可改善β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性。


图片来源于:Valensi P, et al. Diabetes Metab. 2015; 41(3): 231-8.

专家点评

张杰  主任医师
内蒙古北方医院内分泌科

内蒙古自治区医师协会内分泌代谢科医师分会常委,包头医学会第二届内分泌学专科分会委员,包头医学会第二届风湿免疫学专科分会常委,第一届国际血管联盟中国分会-包头市糖尿病足病专业委员会常委,包头医学会医疗事故技术鉴定专家。

患者中年男性,体型偏胖,起病缓,糖尿病史10年,合并高血压病,自我管理能力一般。3年前,患者虽血糖攀升较高,但胰岛功能尚存,故短期口服药联合胰岛素降糖配合健康宣教,血糖很快平稳。

之后患者渐停胰岛素,改为二甲双胍联合西格列汀口服,血糖控制良好,方案简单,方便,患者依从性好,服用期间亦无严重低血糖事件和心血管事件发生,充分体现了西格列汀的优势。

本例目前C肽水平与3年前相比未见显著下降,说明西格列汀对胰岛功能可能有一定的保护作用。本例在病程7年后使用西格列汀近3年,血糖仍可以保持稳定,推测若更早期使用,可能会取得更佳的效果。

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    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749967, encodeId=3e161e4996726, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Tue Sep 25 14:47:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1957990, encodeId=2e68195e990d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f278385924' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83859, encryptionId=7f278385924, topicName=胰岛功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Wed Jun 06 13:47:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=337201, encodeId=1f0c33e201e5, content=学习了,谢谢作者分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Aug 08 04:16:22 CST 2018, time=2018-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=314637, encodeId=075031463e48, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3da1990174, createdName=yfjms, createdTime=Sun May 13 07:06:07 CST 2018, time=2018-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313887, encodeId=126d31388e36, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/03/18/9fba4e8a3782366829a5645367fdb658.jpg, createdBy=b5732293938, createdName=青山颖钰, createdTime=Thu May 10 20:37:10 CST 2018, time=2018-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=313554, encodeId=c14831355494, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Wed May 09 19:48:21 CST 2018, time=2018-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-13 yfjms

    学习

    0

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    2018-05-10 青山颖钰

    学习了

    0

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    2018-05-09 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

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