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ESMO 2014 :肛管鳞癌临床实践指南解读

2014-09-03 中山大学肿瘤医院结直肠科 陈功 中国医学论坛报

2014年7月6日,ESMO(欧洲肿瘤内科学会)联合ESSO(欧洲肿瘤外科学会)和ESTRO(欧洲放射肿瘤学会)在其官方杂志《肿瘤学年鉴》(Ann Oncol)上在线发表了《肛管癌诊断、治疗和随访临床实践指南》。在此要特别指出的是,该指南针对的“肛管癌”,实际上是指肛管鳞癌。所以我个人认为,该指南内容适用于肛管和肛周皮肤的鳞状细胞癌,而对肛管腺癌的处理则与直肠癌相同。由于我国的肛管癌绝大多数属

2014年7月6日,ESMO(欧洲肿瘤内科学会)联合ESSO(欧洲肿瘤外科学会)和ESTRO(欧洲放射肿瘤学会)在其官方杂志《肿瘤学年鉴》(Ann Oncol)上在线发表了《肛管癌诊断、治疗和随访临床实践指南》。在此要特别指出的是,该指南针对的“肛管癌”,实际上是指肛管鳞癌。所以我个人认为,该指南内容适用于肛管和肛周皮肤的鳞状细胞癌,而对肛管腺癌的处理则与直肠癌相同。由于我国的肛管癌绝大多数属于腺癌,鳞癌相当罕见,因此我国的临床医生对肛管鳞癌的处理相对比较陌生。在此,笔者就此ESMO指南的精华部分进行解读。

病因学

在西方国家,人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染被认为是肛管鳞癌的病因之首,80%~85%的患者能检测出HPV 感染,在欧洲主要是16型和18型。HPV感染后首先可导致肛管鳞状上皮病变及肛管上皮内瘤变(AIN)。目前,AIN 被认为是肛管鳞癌的癌前病变。

肛门性交和多个性伴侣会增加HPV感染的机会,因而亦被认为是肛管癌的高危因素。其他的高危因素包括人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染、器官移植后长期使用免疫抑制剂、长期使用糖皮质激素、吸烟抑郁等。

临床评估和分期

根据病史、临床表现及体格检查,尤其是肛门指检,肛管癌的临床诊断很容易得出。但病理活检是必须的,尤其是中国患者,由于其中多数是肛管腺癌,所以更应在其所有治疗开始前明确病理诊断。在影像评估方面,肛管癌可参照直肠癌。

关于分期,国际抗癌联盟/美国癌症联合委员会(UICC/AJCC)的TNM 分期系统仍然是目前全世界所采纳的金标准。需要特别说明的是,与消化道其他肿瘤,包括食管鳞癌、胃癌或结直肠腺癌都不同的是,肛管癌的T分期和N分期有其独特之处,需要进行重点介绍:

T分期:肛管鳞癌的T1~T3分期标准不是肿瘤浸润深度,而是肿瘤大小。具体来说:Tis为AIN 2~3级者,T1期为肿瘤直径≤2 cm者,T2期为2~5 cm者,T3期为>5 cm者。而T4的划分标准则与其他消化道癌一样,为肿瘤侵犯邻近器官的程度而非肿瘤大小。

N分期:与其他消化道癌以淋巴结转移数目来分期不同,肛管癌的N1 期仅有直肠周围淋巴结转移,N2期为单侧的髂内和(或)腹股沟淋巴结转移,N3期同时伴有直肠周围和腹股沟淋巴结转移和(或)双侧髂内和(或)腹股沟淋巴结转移。由此可见,和直肠癌/肛管腺癌不同的是,对于肛管鳞癌,髂外和腹股沟淋巴结转移均属区域转移(即N范畴)而非远处转移(M范畴),所以不能因出现区域淋巴转移而误判患者为晚期,从而仅给予其消极治疗。

治疗

治疗前要充分评估患者伴随的危险因素,合并HIV 感染者,要给予积极抗病毒治疗,对吸烟者要努力劝其戒烟。

局限性肿瘤的治疗

总体治疗原则

治疗的主要目的是在获得良好的肿瘤局部控制基础上保全肛门功能,治疗策略较之低位直肠腺癌千差万别。纳入多学科治疗(MDT)模式是必须的,包括放疗科、肿瘤内科、肿瘤外科、影像科和病理科。标准治疗方案是以5氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)为基础的同步放化疗(CRT)联合其他全身化疗药物(主要是丝裂霉素C,MMC),该方法可以让80%~90%的患者出现原发肿瘤完全缓解,而局部复发率大约15%。对于大多数的病例,现今的外科手术主要是作为挽救性手术来应用。

手术的地位与价值

在20世纪80年代以前,手术曾经是肛管鳞癌的主要治疗模式,而且对绝大多数患者均施行腹会阴联合切除术(APR)。但自从MDT 模式的疗效被肯定以后,以手术为主的治疗模式已经被摒弃。当然,现今仍有部分患者适合于手术治疗,主要是病灶较小(<2 cm)且主要位于肛缘皮肤、能通过局部切除获得5 mm以上的安全切缘并同时保全肛门括约肌功能者,可以采用局部手术切除。除此以外,现阶段手术主要是做为挽救性手段用于CRT 后不能完全缓解或再次局部复发者,或是肿瘤区域曾经接受过放疗的患者。一旦患者需要手术治疗,绝大多数的术式均为APR。

CRT 是目前肛管鳞癌的主要根治性治疗手段,目前已有多个随机对照研究支持其疗效,属Ⅰ类推荐证据。最佳的放疗剂量尚不清楚,目前的标准是45~50 Gy,无治疗间歇期,对于Ⅱ期或以上的肿瘤,可以考虑再增加15~20 Gy 的剂量。目前推荐的放疗模式为50.4 Gy/28 F。

与放疗同步的标准化疗方案是5-FU和MMC,具体用法为:5-FU 1000 mg/(m2•天),24 小时持续静脉输注(CIV),第1 天~ 第4 天及第29 天~ 第32 天(D1~D4,D29~32)。MMC 12 mg/m2(最大剂量20mg),静脉推注,D1。

治疗反应评估

在CRT完成后,肛管鳞癌会缓慢消退,因此应定期评估肿瘤消退情况。肛门指检是最主要的手段,主要评估内容是肿瘤和(或)溃疡是否完全消失。如果患者疼痛明显,可以在麻醉情况下进行检查。此外,对腹股沟区淋巴结的检查也很有必要。最终评估结果应将细致的体格检查与影像学检查(CT、MRI,必要时PET/CT)结果相结合。

基于分期的治疗推荐

① 肛管癌:手术(根治性/局部切除)一般禁止列为主要治疗手段。Ⅰ期:标准剂量的放疗(RT)联合同步5-FU/MMC化疗,部分患者可以采用较低剂量的RT联合5-FU/MMC(但无随机对照研究数据)。Ⅱ~Ⅲ期:标准剂量的RT 联合同步5-FU/MMC化疗

② 肛缘皮肤癌:Ⅰ期:肿瘤分化好,可行局部切除,如果切缘阳性可再次切除或行CRT

Ⅱ~Ⅲ期:标准剂量的RT 联合同步5-FU/MMC化疗

晚期/转移性肿瘤的处理

10%~20%的患者会出现远处转移,最常见的部位为腹主动脉旁淋巴结、肝、肺和皮肤,常见于局部治疗后原发肿瘤持续存在或复发者。此类患者总体预后不良,仅有10%可存活超过2年。

对于此类患者的治疗主要是全身化疗,具体方案取决于先前的治疗方案,并且尚无标准方案,目前临床最常应用的是顺铂联合5-FU 的治疗方案。卡铂、阿霉素、蒽环类以及伊立替康+西妥昔单抗等方法均有报道用于治疗晚期肛管鳞癌并取得疗效。

伴有原发瘤残留的晚期患者,疼痛是其主要症状,可严重影响患者的生活质量,因此止痛治疗尤其重要。

临床肿瘤学论坛8月杂志导读:

深度评论

马建辉:前列腺癌的诊治新进展

主题报告

寿建忠、马建辉:根治性前列腺切除术的历史与现状

周爱萍、马建辉:去势难治性前列腺癌的药物治疗新进展

刘跃平、李晔雄:早期前列腺癌的放射治疗

临床实践

杨跃、吴楠、阎石:侵袭周围脏器胸腺瘤手术经验探讨

陈功:ESMO 指南解读:肛管鳞癌的诊治

继续教育

吴艳芳、李健英:肺癌合并肺脓肿1 例诊治分析

临床用药导航:FDA 和EMA 药物审批信息

FDA:批准idelalisib用于3种血液系统恶性肿瘤

FDA:扩大ibrutinib适应证至17p 缺失的CLL

FDA:批准贝伐珠单抗治疗晚期宫颈癌

对话

科室管理中的“知行合一”——访北京大学第三医院泌尿外科主任马潞林教授

医心一语

储大同——背后的故事

不回答,其实也是一种答案

中国之声

双特异性融合蛋白有望用于癌症靶向治疗

表皮生长因子诱导HO-1表达通路

mCD8+CD62L+T细胞或可用于黑色素瘤免疫治疗

肝硬度测定失败主要原因

p53对FHL2的转录调控

FOXO3a 转录抑制DNMT3B表达

业界资讯

Enzalutamide为mCRPC患者带来福音

糖尿病或增高头颈部肿瘤发病风险

每3年1次HPV检查筛查宫颈癌更有效

昼夜节律紊乱可加速乳腺癌生长并产生他莫昔芬耐药

胰腺导管腺癌治疗或现新靶点

三侧性视网膜母细胞瘤5 年生存率大幅提高

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    2015-02-17 liuhuangbo
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    2014-09-05 zhang92560
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