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值班遇到昏迷患者 小心这 4 种内分泌性疾病

2019-05-27 张雨雨 内分泌时间

临床工作中,我们经常能碰到一些昏迷患者,碰到这类患者时,我们首先会想到是不是颅内疾病所致。但是有一类疾病引起的昏迷我们必须要引起足够重视,当碰到昏迷的患者时,我们也一定要想到这种可能——内分泌性昏迷,是指由垂体、肾上腺、甲状腺等重要内分泌腺体疾病所引发的昏迷。

临床工作中,我们经常能碰到一些昏迷患者,碰到这类患者时,我们首先会想到是不是颅内疾病所致。但是有一类疾病引起的昏迷我们必须要引起足够重视,当碰到昏迷的患者时,我们也一定要想到这种可能——内分泌性昏迷,是指由垂体、肾上腺、甲状腺等重要内分泌腺体疾病所引发的昏迷。

垂体功能减退性危象

垂体功能减退性危象(简称垂体危象):在全垂体功能减退症基础上,各种应激如感染、败血症、腹泻、呕吐、失水、饥饿、寒冷、急性心肌梗死、脑血管意外、手术、外伤、麻醉及使用镇静药、安眠药、降糖药等均可诱发垂体危象。

临床呈现:①高热型(>40℃);②低体温型(<30℃);③低血糖型;④低血压、循环衰竭型;⑤水中毒型;⑥混合型。各种类型可伴有相应的症状,突出表现为消化系统、循环系统和神经精神方面的症状,如高热、循环衰竭、休克、恶心、呕吐、头痛、抽搐、昏迷等严重垂危状态。

垂体危象处理:首先给予静脉推注 50% 葡萄糖 40-60 mL 抢救低血糖,继而补充 5% 葡萄糖盐水,每 500-1000 mL 中加入氢化可的松 50-100 mg 静脉滴注。有循环衰竭者按休克原则治疗,有感染败血症者应积极抗感染,有水中毒者主要加强利尿,可给予泼尼松或氢化可的松。低温与甲状腺功能减退有关,可给予小剂量甲状腺素,并用保暖毯逐渐加温,禁用或慎用麻醉剂、镇静药、催眠药或降糖药等。

甲状腺危象

甲状腺危象(也称甲亢危象):是甲状腺毒症急性加重的一个综合征,发生原因可能与循环内甲状腺激素水平增高有关,多发生于较重甲亢未予治疗或治疗不充分的患者。常见诱因有感染、手术、创伤、精神刺激等。

临床表现有:高热或过高热、大汗、心动过速(140 次/分以上)、烦躁、焦虑不安、呕吐、腹泻等,严重患者可有心衰、休克及昏迷。甲亢危象的诊断主要靠临床表现综合判断。临床高度疑似本症及有危象前兆者应按甲亢危象处理,甲亢危象的病死率在 20% 以上。

甲亢危象的治疗:①针对诱因治疗。②丙硫氧嘧啶(PTU)500-1000 mg 口服或经管注入(昏迷患者),以后每次 250 mg,每 4 小时 1 次。③碘剂:复方碘溶液(SSP)每次 5 滴(0.25 mL 或 250 mg),每 6 小时 1 次,服用 PTU1 小时后开始服用,一般使用 3-7 天。④β受体阻滞剂:普萘洛尔 60-80 mg/d,每 4 小时 1 次。⑤糖皮质激素:氢化可的松 300 mg 首次静滴,以后每次 100 mg,每 8 小时 1 次。⑥效果不满意时可考虑血液透析或血浆置换等措施迅速降低血浆甲状腺激素浓度。⑦降温:高热者给予物理降温,避免使用乙酰水杨酸类药物。

肾上腺危象

肾上腺危象:常发生于感染、创伤、手术、分娩、过劳、大量出汗、呕吐、腹泻、失水或突然中断肾上腺皮质激素治疗等等应激情况下,表现为恶心、呕吐、腹痛或腹泻、严重脱水、血压降低、心率快、脉细弱、精神失常,常有高热、低血糖症、低钠血症、血钾可低可高,如不及时抢救,可发展至休克、昏迷、死亡。

肾上腺危象治疗:①补充液体:于初治的第 1、2 日内迅速补充生理盐水每日 2000-3000 mL,对于脱水不严重的补盐水量可适当减少,补充葡萄糖液以避免低血糖。②立即静注氢化可的松 100 mg,以后每 6 小时加入补液中静滴 100 mg,第 2、3 天可减至每日 300 mg,分次静滴,如病情好转,继续减至每日 200 mg,继而 100 mg,可进食者可改为口服维持。③针对诱因治疗。

黏液水肿性昏迷

黏液水肿性昏迷:在甲状腺机能减退的基础上, 由于严重的寒冷、感染、创伤、手术等诱因和服用镇静麻醉药物引起病情加重而导致的昏迷。一般以冬季发病较多。粘液水肿昏迷主要特点是体温降低, 严重者可达 30 ℃ 以下。昏迷前可以有畏寒、乏力、表情淡漠、反应迟钝、动作迟缓、睡眠增多及皮肤干燥、粘液水肿等典型甲状腺机能减退症的表现。昏迷时以低体温、心率慢、血压低为特点。

黏液水肿性昏迷治疗:①补充甲状腺激素。首选 T3 静脉注射,每 4 小时 10μg,直至症状改善,清醒后改口服或 L-T4 首次静脉注射 300μg,以后每日 50μg,清醒后改口服。②保温、供氧、保持呼吸道通畅,必要时行气管切开、机械通气。③氢化可的松 200-300 mg/d 持续静滴,清醒后逐渐减量。④根据需要补液,但是入水量不宜过多。⑤控制感染。

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    2019-09-02 gwc392
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682527, encodeId=20ed168252ee8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4d031e8074' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分泌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31780, encryptionId=d4d031e8074, topicName=分泌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0da227938338, createdName=gwc392, createdTime=Mon Sep 02 19:20:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=367060, encodeId=355536e060f1, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160304/IMG56D94856B1B5D6405.jpg, createdBy=27931687771, createdName=一个字-牛, createdTime=Fri May 31 19:26:56 CST 2019, time=2019-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1429499, encodeId=132c1429499c1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=26d559642f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#昏迷#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59642, encryptionId=26d559642f9, topicName=昏迷)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=81fb4200032, createdName=wgx307, createdTime=Wed May 29 12:20:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1463431, encodeId=a92514634312b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=096a2e4865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#值班#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=27486, encryptionId=096a2e4865a, topicName=值班)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=391f6540675, createdName=yinxm8305, createdTime=Wed May 29 12:20:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=366875, encodeId=43e43668e5e8, content=学习,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=117, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Mon May 27 21:33:54 CST 2019, time=2019-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-05-31 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2019-05-29 wgx307
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    2019-05-29 yinxm8305
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    2019-05-27 天地飞扬

    学习,谢谢分享!

    0

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