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Intensive Care Medicine:正确认识急性溶血

2018-04-08 张众慧 重症医学

急性溶血(Acute hemolysis,AH) ,根据其溶血的原因和严重程度不同,可能需要紧急处理,甚至重症监护治疗。由于可导致AH的机制多种多样,快速的临床生物学评价对其诊断和治疗至关重要。


前言

急性溶血(Acute hemolysis,AH) ,根据其溶血的原因和严重程度不同,可能需要紧急处理,甚至重症监护治疗。由于可导致AH的机制多种多样,快速的临床生物学评价对其诊断和治疗至关重要。

病理生理学

溶血性贫血指与内在异常(细胞内)或外在因素(细胞外)相关的红细胞(red blood cells,RBCs)存活率降低。细胞内溶血主要是由遗传性红细胞疾病引起的,可被多种因素触发,如:缺氧、发热或氧化应激,而细胞外溶血通常是免疫、毒性或机械起源的获得性疾病。

溶血可能是血管内的,也可能是血管外的,从而导致不同的临床表现。血管内溶血时, RBCs主要在血管内破裂并将血红蛋白释放到血浆中。这将引起血红蛋白尿和潜在的急性肾损伤。血管内溶血可以在各种情况下发生,包括:感染(疟疾、全身性感染)、机械心脏瓣膜假体、血栓性微血管病(thrombotic microangiopathies,TMAs)和同种异体免疫。相反的,血管外溶血,表现为温型自身抗体介导的AH,溶血的发生是由巨噬细胞和抗体依赖的细胞毒性介导的。这主要发生在网状内皮系统(主要是脾和肝)的血管外间隔中。在这种情况下,自身抗体靶向作用于不伴有补体激活的各种红细胞抗原(糖蛋白、P -抗原、Rhesus、band 3),导致温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic Anemia,AIHA)。AIHA可以原发于或继发于B或T细胞性恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、或原发性免疫缺陷。温抗体型AIHA (wAIHA)与冷抗体型AIHA (cAIHA)是根据允许检测抗体结合活性的最佳温度来区分的。冷抗体是在冷凝集素疾病(cold agglutinin disease,CAD)中发现的,它指的是存在继发于隐性或显性淋巴浆细胞增殖的单克隆免疫球蛋白M(IgM)抗体。这些抗体的靶向目标是I或i抗原、凝集,然后触发补体依赖性溶血。最好是在体外4°C下观察这些凝集反应,但是在体内发生溶血和凝集反应的温度则较高。需要识别参与RBC破坏的免疫机制,以便启动适当的治疗。


对于每一例急性贫血病例,我们都应怀疑其是否是急性溶血性贫血,这是急性失血的主要鉴别诊断。虽然只有少数,但为了对AH进行诊断和治疗,应该对具体的临床和生物学参数进行监测,如图1所示。该疾病大多数严重病例中有如下临床表现:组织缺氧(尤其是心脏缺血)、血管内溶血(腰背部疼痛、深色尿),热衰竭(类似感染性休克)以及血栓栓塞并发症。AH与深静脉血栓风险增加有关,在某些情况下〔如:抗磷脂综合征、系统性红斑狼疮、夜间阵发性血红蛋白尿(PNH)等〕甚至更高。严重的AH可以同时出现血管内和血管外溶血的相关症状。

溶血的生物标志物包括:血清乳酸脱氢酶水平升高,游离胆红素增加,伴随着低/零水平的结合珠蛋白。网织红细胞计数并不是一致地升高,计数低也不能排除溶血的发生。使用网织红细胞生成指数[网织红细胞计数(%)×血红蛋白(g/dL)/正常血红蛋白(g/dL) × 0.5],可以发现网织红细胞计数也应与血红蛋白水平相关。网织红细胞生成指数< 2表明网织红细胞生成减少,需要进行骨髓检查。

一旦确诊,就必须进行一些简单的血液检查,以确定原发病。

首先,血小板减少强烈提示以下四种主要的诊断:弥散性血管内凝血、血栓性微血管病、Evans综合征和疟疾(如果患者这种疾病的暴露史)。

第二,异常的血液涂片指向特定的病因。破裂细胞的存在表明是机械性溶血,提示血栓性微血管病或人工心脏瓣膜病。球红细胞增多常见于遗传性球形红细胞增多症、自身免疫性溶血性贫血及梭状芽胞杆菌感染。在初次评估结果正常时,应再次进行血液涂片分析。

第三,应用半定量直接抗球蛋白试验(direct antiglobulin test,DAT)检测是否有免疫球蛋白和/或RBCs的C3补体碎片存在是很有必要的,因为它是免疫过程 (自体免疫、同种免疫或药物诱导) 中的阳性指标。伴有或不伴C3的免疫球蛋白G (IgG)的强阳性(++/+++)结果,大部分都与温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血(wAIHA)有关,而单独的C3阳性则提示冷抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血(cAIHA)和药物诱导性溶血。cAIHA的患者常伴有寒战的症状和血管内溶血的表现。抗体洗脱可以确定抗体的特异性,应该保留用于DAT阳性和有输血史或药物诱导性溶血史的溶血患者,并用于指导合理的输血。

还可以监测血清C3和C4水平,血浆中二者水平较低可能是补体依赖性溶血,这在冷凝集素疾病(CAD)中多见。

反复血涂片和DAT结果阴性提示酶促红细胞缺陷[葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)或其它缺陷]、地中海贫血、DAT试验阴性的自身免疫性溶血性贫血,或阵发性血红蛋白尿,由补体作用过敏引起的后天性疾病,其特征在于严重急性血管内溶血的发作。通过流式细胞术显示白细胞上糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白CD55和CD59的丢失,是 确诊PNH的典型表现。

高铁血红蛋白水平也应该进行监测,因为高铁血红蛋白血症会使血管内(尤其是G6PD缺乏症)的病变更加复杂,并导致组织缺氧。

治疗

在处理AH时,必须要考虑多种治疗方法(图1)。

首先,支持性治疗包括氧疗和扩容补液以减少急性肾损伤的风险,尤其是在血管内溶血时。必须使用预防性抗凝来预防血栓栓塞事件。肠外叶酸治疗有助于维持有效的红细胞生成。

其次,输注红细胞,这是很有必要的。以临床耐受性来决定输红细胞的适应征,可以根据冠状动脉的状况、年龄和血红蛋白的迅速减少作为依据。在发生自身免疫性溶血性贫血时,血型的表型是很困难确定的,因为患者的血清经常与正常血细胞发生反应。然而,大多数病例在合理的延迟时间内是可以实现这一点,这要归功于具体的情况,例如:在必要时,对wAIHA患者行抗体吸附,或对于cAIHA患者,在37℃下进行表型分型。迄今为止,在AIHA的输血后尚没有急性溶血的加剧。当血型不能确定,而又必需要输血时,可以使用O型阴性的血制品。临床医生应该认识到,在非常罕见的情况下,cAIHA引起高粘稠度综合征(由IgM的五聚体结构结构介导)的情况是非常罕见的,不合理的红细胞输注会使其进一步恶化。因此,在输血前应寻找高粘度的征像以及是否存在高蛋白血症。此外,对cAIHA,减少寒冷暴露是至关重要的,同时需要对静脉输液和输血进行加温。血液只能在有温度显示和报警声音响亮的血液加热器中加温。

第三,治疗应针对引起溶血的病原。在可能的情况下,应该查找并排除触发事件。在发生TMAs时,典型的溶血性尿毒症综合征(hemolytic  uremic  syndrome,HUS)、移植后的药物诱导性TMA、以及妊娠期HELLP综合征必须得到识别并给予特别的治疗。另外,还必须考虑到血栓性血小板减少性紫癜或不典型的溶血性尿毒症综合征(HUS)的可能性,并立即启动血浆置换治疗。应避免血小板输注,并全面治疗高血压

wAIHA的初始治疗是以糖皮质激素为基础的,初始剂量为1-1.5 mg/kg/day,在第2周没有生物反应的情况下增加到2 mg/kg/day。利妥昔单抗作为一线治疗目前正在评估,初步得到的有希望的结果。如果AIHA继发于淋巴增生性疾病,则糖皮质激素治疗的模式仍是相同的。在第一意向中并未提及对原发病的特定靶向治疗。利妥昔单抗和淋巴瘤化疗方案对cAIHA是有效的。如果在最初的临床和生物评估后怀疑有淋巴组织增生障碍,根据(计算机断层扫描、骨髓检查、淋巴结活检等)检查结果,必须进行其它特殊检查,但这些都不应延迟其在ICU中的治疗。最后,依库利单抗,抗c5a抑制剂,有指征用于阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿相关急性贫血的治疗,应该在不典型的HUS和难治性的cAIHA中进行讨论。

图1.ICU中急性溶血的管理流程。LDH乳酸脱氢酶、RBC红细胞红细胞、DAT直接抗球蛋白试验、DIC弥散性血管内凝血、TMA血栓性微血管病变、PEx血浆置换、CS皮质类固醇、AIHA自身免疫性溶血性贫血、HA溶血性贫血、PNH阵发性夜间血红蛋白尿。

结论

急性溶血是一种潜在的危及生命的疾病,当患者出现急性贫血时应该怀疑该疾病的可能。对临床表现进行全面分析,再结合血小板计数、血液涂片、和DAT检查结果可以推导出该诊断,并对该特殊的疾病进行合理的治疗。

原始出处:

David Boutboul,et al.Understanding therapeutic emergencies in acute hemolysis.Intensive Care Medicine.September , 2017

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    2018-11-24 jeanqiuqiu
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    2018-05-22 kalseyzl
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038878, encodeId=e2d320388e804, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Sep 07 20:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858863, encodeId=41ff18588634b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sat Nov 24 02:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1773704, encodeId=fa651e737049b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f014e1852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CIN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4718, encryptionId=5f014e1852, topicName=CIN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a9a038523631, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Tue May 22 00:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1577601, encodeId=749915e760175, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cda91148004' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medicine#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11480, encryptionId=cda91148004, topicName=Medicine)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=54cd16396700, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 14:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608722, encodeId=ee961608e228f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 14:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=304098, encodeId=dddf30409850, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Mon Apr 09 07:10:11 CST 2018, time=2018-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303993, encodeId=56ef3039938f, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 23:37:31 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-09 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    学习了.谢谢

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038878, encodeId=e2d320388e804, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Sep 07 20:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858863, encodeId=41ff18588634b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Sat Nov 24 02:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1773704, encodeId=fa651e737049b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f014e1852' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CIN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4718, encryptionId=5f014e1852, topicName=CIN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a9a038523631, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Tue May 22 00:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1577601, encodeId=749915e760175, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cda91148004' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medicine#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11480, encryptionId=cda91148004, topicName=Medicine)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=54cd16396700, createdName=ms1692212821629096, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 14:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608722, encodeId=ee961608e228f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Tue Apr 10 14:30:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=304098, encodeId=dddf30409850, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Mon Apr 09 07:10:11 CST 2018, time=2018-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303993, encodeId=56ef3039938f, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 23:37:31 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-08 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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