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用药靠掰、剂量靠猜:“儿科医生开药心都是慌的”

2018-02-26 王烁 半月谈网

第六次人口普查结果显示,中国0至14岁人口占总人口的16.6%,儿科患病人数约占所有患病人数的20%。但长期以来,由于儿童专用药不足,很多患儿在服药时都被当成“缩小版的成人”对待,按照“小儿酌减”的原则服用成人药,存在着巨大的用药安全风险。“儿童酌减”:别说是家长,药剂师都犯难“儿童酌减是什么意思?到底减多少?”一位半岁孩子的父亲宋先生说,市面上大量药品说明书没有标注详细的“儿童用法”“儿童用量

第六次人口普查结果显示,中国0至14岁人口占总人口的16.6%,儿科患病人数约占所有患病人数的20%。但长期以来,由于儿童专用药不足,很多患儿在服药时都被当成“缩小版的成人”对待,按照“小儿酌减”的原则服用成人药,存在着巨大的用药安全风险。

儿童酌减”:别说是家长,药剂师都犯难

“儿童酌减是什么意思?到底减多少?”一位半岁孩子的父亲宋先生说,市面上大量药品说明书没有标注详细的“儿童用法”“儿童用量”,只有模糊的一句话“儿童酌减”。

半月谈记者在河南省郑州市儿童医院药房对比同一种药物的国内说明书和进口药说明书发现,进口药说明书摘取了大量药品试验中可能出现的各种不良反应情况,而国产药说明书在不良反应和儿童禁忌一栏标注多为尚不明确。

“国内适宜儿童的剂型、规格也非常缺乏,尤其是低龄儿童、新生儿用药。我们医院儿童常用处方药中,剂型位居前三的是注射剂、片剂和口服液,而适宜儿童的剂型,如粉末吸入剂、栓剂、糖浆等非常有限。”郑州市儿童医院药学部主任马姝丽介绍,在美国,上市的儿童剂型非常丰富。

目前,儿童给药剂量多依据成人剂量,再通过体重换算、体表面积换算、年龄换算等方法来确定。“儿童绝非成人的‘微缩版’,具有其本身的生理特点。将成人药酌减给儿童使用,缺乏科学依据和循证医学证据,无论按体重、体表面积还是年龄换算给儿童服用,背后都存在重重隐患。”河南省人民医院儿科主任高丽表示。

“有的药片孩子只能服用1/4片甚至1/8片,这样的切分,别说是家长,即使对医院的药剂师来说,难度也很大。”郑州市儿童医院药剂师赵建红表示,而剂量不准不是小事,少了耽误治疗,大了就可能引起不良反应甚至要命。

“儿科医生开药心都是慌的,以治疗儿童心脏病的地高辛为例,一片地高辛的规格是0.25mg,但在我们日常用药的时候,根据孩子们的情况,药师会将药品分为0.02mg至0.125mg16种剂量。”马姝丽表示,地高辛治疗用量和中毒量之间的临界值非常近,药剂师在进行药物剂量切分时,往往承担着巨大的医疗风险和法律风险。

8000家药企,仅有8家专门生产儿童药

药害猛如虎。根据国家药物不良反应监测结果显示,中国儿童用药不良反应发生率为12.9%,其中新生儿高达24.4%,分别是成人的2倍和4倍。

“近年来,大家看到国家很多政策利好,但是真正从事儿童药的企业并没有那么多。”华润三九(雅安)质量部经理熊涛表示,在整个处方药市场中,相比糖尿病高血压、内分泌等药物,儿童药市场空间、利润整体比较小。

中国医药工业信息中心的数据显示,全国药品生产企业有8000多家,其中专门生产儿童用药的企业仅占0.1%。在药品临床试验注册项目中,国产药品注册信息达到16万多条,其中儿童药品仅有2000多条。

海南葫芦娃药业集团股份有限公司技术总监刘全国表示,儿童药的各项指标比成人药更严谨,剂型比成人药要求更高,临床试验风险大,而适用年龄层窄,口味还需特殊调整,这都增加了企业的生产和研发成本。

儿童用药立法亟待填补空白

目前,国内缺少儿童药物临床试验基地和相关技术指导原则。国产儿童药品说明书也普遍缺少药代动力学数据。即使有,也多为国外儿童数据。

在一些国产药品说明书中,儿童临床试验数据基本照搬进口原研药品说明书。“可是儿童与成人、不同种族儿童之间药代数据有差异,需要中国儿童临床试验数据,才能让药效更精准。国内临床数据远远不够。”马姝丽说。

虽然国家层面政策鼓励持续不断,但儿童用药立法始终还未实现。半月谈记者查阅资料发现,在我国最重要的两部药品法律法规《中华人民共和国药品管理法》和《药品注册管理办法》中,均未对儿童药物或成人药物的儿童用法提出特殊规定,亦无专门监管儿童用药的机构。换言之,从指导层面,中国实际就不细致区分儿童药与成人药。

针对儿童药品由于开发周期长、生产批量小、批次多、工艺相对复杂、生产成本高导致利润低等问题,受访企业表示,希望国家加大扶持力度,减轻企业研发新药的负担,鼓励企业研发的积极性。“我们希望种种激励可以从立法层面推广,而不是仅限于政策层面的探讨。”刘全国说。

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    2018-02-28 若轩

    积极生产儿童用药

    0

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    2018-02-26 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    儿科用药真的很难啊.

    0

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    2018-02-26 2401

    确实很难

    0

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    2018-02-26 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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