Baidu
map

Critical Care Medicine :危重儿童和成人噬血细胞性淋巴组织 细胞增生症的识别、诊断和治疗的共识 指南

2023-12-25 Critical Care Medicine Critical Care Medicine 发表于黑龙江省

需要进一步的研究来确定ICU中噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增多症患者的最佳治疗方法,包括使用新的辅助治疗方法。

翻译 四川省人民医院 黄晓波

审校 遵义医科大学附属医院 付豹

目的:噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症是一种炎症过度反应综合征通常需要重症监护支持,诊断困难。这些指南旨在帮助ICU内噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症患者的早期识别、断、支持性监护和治疗。

数据来源:使用PubMedMEDLINE进行文献检索。

研究选择:文献检索的关键词和主题词包括“巨噬细胞活化综合征”“噬血细胞性淋巴组织细
胞增生症”“噬血细胞综合征”

数据提取:组织细胞学会根据已发表的报告和专家意见制定了这些共识建议,并为每项建议提供了一定水平的证据支持,并且这些推荐意见已经得到了危重病医学会的认可。

数据整合:对于所有不明原因或不成比例的炎症反应而入住ICU的患者,尤其是那些临床症状迅速恶化的患者,应立即进行噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症检测。满足2004年诊断标准8项中的5项或5项以上可作为噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症的有价值的诊断工具。通常需早期积极的重症监护干预来处理与噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症相关的多器官功能衰竭。彻底筛查噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症的潜在触发因素,包括感染、恶性肿瘤和自身免疫/自体炎症性疾病,是至关重要的。早期类固醇治疗适用于家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症患者,并且对于未接受过治疗的获得性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(即继发性噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症)患者,包括非持续性或复发性巨噬细胞活化综合征(继发于自身免疫性/自体炎症性疾病的噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症)具有治疗价值。尤其是合并器官功能障碍时,类固醇治疗不应被推迟。对于巨噬细胞活化综合征患者,其疾病没有足够的反应,议使用IL-1抑制剂/或环孢素A对于家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症和严重、持续或复发的继发性巨噬细胞激活综合征,建议及时增加个体化、据年龄调整的依托泊苷治疗。

结论:需要进一步的研究来确定ICU中噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增多症患者的最佳治疗方法,包括使用新的辅助治疗方法。

 

专家述评

陈德昌 上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院重症医学科

危重症儿童及成人噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症的识别、诊断和处理指南

噬血细胞综合征hemophagocyic histiocytosisHLH又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症,是一种免疫介导的危及生命的疾病。该疾病主要由淋巴细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞系统异常激活、增殖,分泌大量炎性细胞因子而引起的一系列炎性反应综合征。临床以持续发热肝脾肿大、全血细胞减少以及骨髓、肝、脾、淋巴结组织发现噬血现象等为主要特征,可影响到儿童及成人等各个年龄段的人群,且发病率随着年龄的增长而增高[1]HLH进展迅速,致死性高(小儿病例36% ~ 40%成人病例41% ~ 68%, 通常需要重症医学科支持,其病因治疗与疾病的预后转归关系密切,但仍难明确诊断[2]包含Melissa R. Hines在内的17位成人及儿童危重症/血液病专家在已发表的报告和专家意见基础上制定了共识建议,并为每项建议提供了证据等级,最终形成了危重症儿童及成人噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症的识别、诊断和处理指南[3]对于规范和提高危重症患者的HLH诊治水平具有极其重要的意义。

指南从HLH的识别、诊断和处理方面,共提出了9条推荐意见。HLH在收治于重症医学科患者的总体发病率尚无明确报道,但随着对此疾病的认识加深,检出率也在不断升高。据报道,ICU收治的高铁血症> 500 ng/mL患者中有1.5%的患者被诊断为HLH [4]而在过去三年,不断有新冠病毒SARS-CoV-2感染的患者继发了免疫失调与细胞因子风暴的报道,也与HLH的病理生理学类似。因此鉴别危重症患者潜藏在HLH背后的原发病,及时做出正确的诊断,是提高患者生存率的关键。由于HLH的相对少见性及其与其他高炎症性疾病(如脓毒症,新冠肺炎重型/危重型)的临床重叠,导致其明确诊断仍具挑战性。因此,对于所有进入ICU的不明原因或与疾病严重程度表现不符合的高炎症反应患者,特别是那些临床症状迅速恶化的患者,包括严重的中枢神经系统或肺部受累患者,应及时启动HLH的检测,如:铁蛋白,可溶性白细胞介素[IL-2]受体[sIL-2R]或全血细胞计数。

HLH-2004诊断标准仍然是此病诊断的基石性文件,需要满足八个诊断标准中的五个,且对于成人ICU患者其诊断的敏感性95%特异性93%均较高[1]此外随着研究深入,天冬氨酸转氨酶及胆红素指标也可辅助疾病的诊断,且随着基因检测技术的进步,sCD25-NK细胞毒性的诊断价值愈发受到重视。

同样,建立一个广泛的发病诱因检查(感染性疾病、自身免疫/炎症或恶性肿瘤几乎与明确HLH诊断一样重要,因为它可能强烈影响治疗和预后水平。感染性疾病可能是常见的诱因之一,而对于诱因不明的HLH病例,应怀疑并积极寻找隐性恶性疾病,特别是淋巴瘤的证据[5]而对于收治于ICU的患者,随着HLH的进展,除了中枢神经系统和肺部表现外,还可能继发肝功能障碍液体超负荷、血功能障碍、甚至最终发生多脏器功能障碍综合征。因此往往需要机械通气、血管紧张素、肾脏替代治疗甚至体外生命支持等。虽然这些支持性疗法通常是必需的,但其只能作为一个桥梁,HLH和炎症的根本原因或诱因得到缓解需要特定的免疫抑制疗法和针对潜在诱因的靶向治疗随着依托泊苷及阿达木单抗IL-1受体阻滞剂)等新型药物上市,使得HLH在既往糖皮质激素及环磷酰胺等药物治疗的基础上,增加了更多的选择。

治疗重症患者的HLH仍然是一个挑战,在重症COVID-19患者的救治过程中,越来越多的严重并发症,如细胞因子风暴和HLH重症医学科医师所认识,其救治过程可能还需要与风湿免疫科、血液科及传染病学专家紧密合作,结合此次最新发表的指南,力争在HLH识别、诊断和处理过程中做到最优化,以最终改善此类患者的临床预后水平。同样,与脓毒症类似,HLH的异质性也增加了其定义及治疗方法的复杂性,对于一些重症患者的最佳生命支持措施及一些新兴的针对HLH扩增环路中的关键细胞因子(如IFN-ɣIL-18IL-1β的生物制剂的疗效,仍需进一步的前瞻性试验证实。

参考文献
1.Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Marzac C, Aumont C, Chahwan D, et al. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnsis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(9):2613-20.
2.Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Lopez-Guillermo A, Khamashta MA, Bosch X. Adult haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet.2014;383(9927):1503-16.
3.Hines MR, von Bahr Greenwood T, Beutel G, Beutel K, Hays JA, Horne A, et al. Consensus-Based Guidelines for the Recognition, Diagnosis,and Management of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Critically Ill Children and Adults. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(5):860-72.
4.Knaak C, Nyvlt P, Schuster FS, Spies C, Heeren P, Schenk T, et al. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: diagnostic reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):244.
5.Knaak C, Schuster FS, Spies C, Vorderwulbecke G, Nyvlt P, Schenk T, et al. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Critically Ill Patients.Shock. 2020;53(6):701-9.

相关资料下载:
[AttachmentFileName(sort=1, fileName=危重儿童和成人.pdf)] GetArticleByIdResponse(id=f5da80691683, projectId=1, sourceId=null, title=Critical Care Medicine :危重儿童和成人噬血细胞性淋巴组织 细胞增生症的识别、诊断和治疗的共识 指南, articleFrom=Critical Care Medicine, journalId=0, copyright=转发, creationTypeList=null, summary=需要进一步的研究来确定ICU中噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增多症患者的最佳治疗方法,包括使用新的辅助治疗方法。, cover=https://img.medsci.cn/20230504/1683220015052_4754896.png, authorId=0, author=, originalUrl=, linkOutUrl=, content=<p><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">翻译</span> 四川省人民医院 <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">黄晓波</span> </strong></p> <p><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">审校</span> 遵义医科大学附属医院 <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">付豹</span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">目的:</span></strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症是一种炎症过度反应<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8">综合征</a>,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">通常需要重症监护支持,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">且<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/guideline/list.do?q=%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD">诊断</a>困难。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">这些<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/guideline/search">指南</a>旨在帮助</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">内噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症患者的早期识别、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">断、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">支持性监护和治疗。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">数据来源:</span></strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">使用</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">PubMed</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">MEDLINE</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">进行文献检索。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">研究选择:</span></strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">文献检索的关键词和主题词包括</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">&ldquo;巨噬细胞活化综合征&rdquo;</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">&ldquo;噬血细胞性淋巴组织细</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">胞增生症&rdquo;</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">和</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">&ldquo;噬血细胞综合征&rdquo;</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">数据提取:</span></strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">组织细胞学会根据已发表的报告和专家意见制定了这些<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/guideline/list.do?q=%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86">共识</a>建议,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">并为每项建议</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">提供了一定水平的证据支持,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">并且这些推荐意见已经得到了危重病医学会的认可。</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">数据整合:</span></strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对于所有不明原因或不成比例的炎症反应而入住</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">尤其是那些临床症</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">状迅速恶化的患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">应立即进行噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症检测。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">满足</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">2004</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">年诊断标准</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">8</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">项中的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">5</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">项或</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">5</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">项以上可作为噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症的有价值的诊断工具。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">通常需</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">早期积极的重症监护干预来处理与噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症相关的多器官功能衰</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">竭。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">彻底<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/search?q=%E7%AD%9B%E6%9F%A5">筛查</a>噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症的潜在触发因素,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">包括感染、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">恶性<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946">肿瘤</a>和自身<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/guideline/search?keyword=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB">免疫</a></span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">/</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">自体炎症性疾病,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">是至关重要的。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">早期类固醇治疗适用于家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">生症患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">并且对于未接受过治疗的获得性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(即继发性噬血</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">包括非持续性或复发性巨噬细胞活化综合征</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(继发于自身免</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">疫性</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">/</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">自体炎症性疾病的噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">具有治疗价值。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">尤其是合并器官功能</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">障碍时,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">类固醇治疗不应被推迟。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对于巨噬细胞活化综合征患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">其疾病没有足够的反应,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">建</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">议使用</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">IL-1</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=f0a254918f0">抑制剂</a>和</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">/</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">或环孢素</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">A</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对于家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症和严重、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">持续或</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">复发的继发性巨噬细胞激活综合征,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">建议及时增加个体化、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">据年龄调整的依托泊苷治疗。</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">结论:</span></strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">需要进一步的研究来确定</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">中噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增多症患者的最佳治疗方法,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">包括使用新的辅助治疗方法。</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">专家述评</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">陈德昌</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">上海交通大学医学院附属<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/search?q=%E7%91%9E%E9%87%91%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2&amp;sort_type=2&amp;search_type=1&amp;page=1">瑞金医院</a>重症医学科</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">危重症儿童及成人噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">识别、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊断和处理指南</span></strong><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></span></p> <p><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">噬血细胞综合征</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">hemophagocyic histiocytosis</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">是一种免疫介导的危及生命的疾病。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">该疾病主要由淋巴细胞、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">单核细胞和巨噬细胞系统异常激活、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">增殖,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">分泌大量炎性细胞因子而引起的一系列炎性反应综合征。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">临床以</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">持续<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=14193e88235">发热</a>、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">肝脾肿大、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">全血细胞减少以及骨髓、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">肝、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">脾、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=df626600877">淋巴结</a>组织发现噬血现象等为主要特征,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">可影响到儿童及成人等各个年龄段的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">人群,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">且发病率随着年龄的增长而增高</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[1]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">进展迅速,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">致死性高</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(小儿病例</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">36% ~ 40%</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">成人病例</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">41% ~ 68%</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">,</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">通常需要重症医学科</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">支持,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">其病因治疗与疾病的预后转归关系密切,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">但仍难明确诊断</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[2]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">包含</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Melissa R. Hines</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">在内的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">17</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">位成人及儿童危重症</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">/</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">血液病专家在</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">已发表的报告和专家意见基础上制定了共识建议,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">并为每项建议提供了证据等级,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">最终形成了危重症儿童及成人噬血细胞性淋巴组</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">织细胞增多症的识别、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊断和处理指南</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[3]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对于规范和提高危重症患者的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊治水平具有极其重要的意义。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></span></p> <p><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">指南从</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的识别、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊断和处理方面,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">共提出了</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">9</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">条推荐意见。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">在收治于重症医学科患者的总体发病率尚无明确报道,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">但随着</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对此疾病的认识加深,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">检出率也在不断升高。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">据报道,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">收治的高铁血症</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">&gt; 500 ng/mL</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">患者中有</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">1.5%</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的患者被诊断为</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[4]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">而在过</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">去三年,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">不断有<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=65b05806579">新冠病毒</a></span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">SARS-CoV-2</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">感染的患者继发了免疫失调与细胞因子风暴的报道,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">也与</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的病理生理学类似。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">因此鉴别</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">危重症患者潜藏在</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">背后的原发病,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">及时做出正确的诊断,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">是提高患者生存率的关键。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">由于</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的相对少见性及其与其他高炎症性</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">疾病</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(如脓毒症,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">新冠肺炎重型</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">/</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">危重型)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的临床重叠,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">导致其明确诊断仍具挑战性。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">因此,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对于所有进入</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的不明原因或与疾病严重</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">程度表现不符合的高炎症反应患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">特别是那些临床症状迅速恶化的患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">包括严重的<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=a9b2222e60a">中枢神经</a>系统或肺部受累患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">应及时启动</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的检测,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">如:</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">铁蛋白,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">可溶性白细胞介素</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[IL-2]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">受体</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[sIL-2R]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">或全血细胞计数。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></span></p> <p><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH-2004</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊断标准仍然是此病诊断的基石性文件,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">需要满足八个诊断标准中的五个,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">且对于成人</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">患者其诊断的敏感性</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">95%</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">及<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=6f746e94170">特异性</a></span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">93%</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">均较高</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[1]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">此外随着研究深入,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">天冬氨酸转氨酶及胆红素指标也可辅助疾病的诊断,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">且随着基因检测技术的进</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">步,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">sCD25-</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">和</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">NK</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">细胞毒性的诊断价值愈发受到重视。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></span></p> <p><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">同样,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">建立一个广泛的发病诱因检查</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(感染性疾病、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">自身免疫</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">/</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">炎症或<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=3ce252932f0">恶性肿瘤</a>)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">几乎与明确</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊断一样重要,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">因为它可能强烈</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">影响治疗和预后水平。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">感染性疾病可能是常见的诱因之一,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">而对于诱因不明的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">病例,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">应怀疑并积极寻找隐性恶性疾病,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">特别是淋</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">巴瘤的证据</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">[5]</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">而对于收治于</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICU</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的患者,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">随着</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的进展,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">除了中枢神经系统和肺部表现外,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">还可能继发肝<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=09d33294eb8">功能障碍</a>、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">液体超负荷、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">凝</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">血功能障碍、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">甚至最终发生多脏器功能障碍综合征。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">因此往往需要机械通气、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><a href="//m.capotfarm.com/guideline/list.do?q=%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1">血管</a>紧张素、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">肾脏替代治疗甚至体外生命支持等。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">虽然这</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">些支持性疗法通常是必需的,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">但其只能作为一个桥梁,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">而</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">和炎症的根本原因或诱因得到缓解需要特定的免疫抑制疗法和针对潜</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">在诱因的<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=78aa999190f">靶向治疗</a>。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">随着依托泊苷及阿达木单抗</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">IL-1</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">受体阻滞剂)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">等新型药物上市,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">使得</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">在既往糖皮质激素及<a href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=73216852458">环磷酰胺</a>等药物治</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">疗的基础上,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">增加了更多的选择。</span><br style="color: transparent;" role="presentation" /></span></span></p> <p><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">治疗重症患者的</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">仍然是一个挑战,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">在重症</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><a href="//m.capotfarm.com/search?q=COVID-19">COVID-19</a></span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">患者的救治过程中,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">越来越多的严重并发症,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">如细胞因子风暴和</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">被</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">重症医学科医师所认识,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">其救治过程可能还需要与风湿免疫科、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">血液科及传染病学专家紧密合作,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">结合此次最新发表的指南,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">力争在</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">识别、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">诊断和处理过程中做到最优化,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">以最终改善此类患者的临床预后水平。</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">同样,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">与脓毒症类似,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的异质性也增加了其定义</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">及治疗方法的复杂性,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">对于一些重症患者的最佳生命支持措施及一些新兴的针对</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">HLH</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">扩增环路中的关键细胞因子</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">(如</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">IFN-ɣ</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">、</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">IL-18</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">和</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">IL-1&beta;</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">)</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">的生物制剂的疗效,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">仍需进一步的前瞻性试验证实。</span></span></span></p> <p><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px; color: #888888;" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">参考文献<br role="presentation" /><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">1.Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Marzac C, Aumont C, Chahwan D, et al. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagn</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">sis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(9):2613-20.</span><br role="presentation" /><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">2.Ramos-Casals</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">M,</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Brito-Zeron</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">P,</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Lopez-Guillermo A,</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Khamashta</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">MA,</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Bosch</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">X. Adult</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">haemophagocytic</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">syndrome.</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation"><a style="color: #888888;" href="//m.capotfarm.com/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2">Lancet</a>.</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">2014;383(9927):1503-16.</span><br role="presentation" /><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">3.Hines MR, von Bahr Greenwood T, Beutel G, Beutel K, Hays JA, Horne A, et al. Consensus-Based Guidelines for the Recognition, Diagnosis,</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">and Management of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Critically Ill Children and Adults. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(5):860-72.</span><br role="presentation" /><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">4.Knaak C, Nyvlt P, Schuster FS, Spies C, Heeren P, Schenk T, et al. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill patients: diagnostic </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">reliability of HLH-2004 criteria and HScore. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):244.</span><br role="presentation" /><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">5.Knaak C, Schuster FS, Spies C, Vorderwulbecke G, Nyvlt P, Schenk T, et al. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Critically Ill Patients.</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Shock. 2020;53(6):701-9.</span></span></span></span></p>, belongTo=, tagList=[TagDto(tagId=485011, tagName=噬血细胞性淋巴组织 细胞增生症)], categoryList=[CategoryDto(categoryId=38, categoryName=急重症, tenant=100), CategoryDto(categoryId=84, categoryName=研究进展, tenant=100), CategoryDto(categoryId=20308, categoryName=前沿资讯, tenant=100), CategoryDto(categoryId=20656, categoryName=梅斯医学, tenant=100)], articleKeywordId=0, articleKeyword=, articleKeywordNum=6, guiderKeywordId=0, guiderKeyword=, guiderKeywordNum=6, opened=1, paymentType=1, paymentAmount=0, recommend=0, recommendEndTime=null, sticky=0, stickyEndTime=null, allHits=1387, appHits=0, showAppHits=0, pcHits=80, showPcHits=1387, likes=0, shares=0, comments=0, approvalStatus=1, publishedTime=Mon Dec 25 22:04:00 CST 2023, publishedTimeString=2023-12-25, pcVisible=1, appVisible=1, editorId=8432275, editor=Critical-Care-Medicine重症新前沿, waterMark=0, formatted=0, deleted=0, version=4, createdBy=da3f2570354, createdName=王佳佳BOM, createdTime=Mon Dec 25 22:29:46 CST 2023, updatedBy=2570354, updatedName=王佳佳BOM, updatedTime=Mon Jul 01 22:27:11 CST 2024, ipAttribution=黑龙江省, attachmentFileNameList=[AttachmentFileName(sort=1, fileName=危重儿童和成人.pdf)], guideDownload=1, surveyId=null, surveyIdStr=null, surveyName=null)
危重儿童和成人.pdf
版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (1)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2177543, encodeId=40e921e754360, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a80810928503' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#噬血细胞性淋巴组织 细胞增生症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=109285, encryptionId=a80810928503, topicName=噬血细胞性淋巴组织 细胞增生症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Wed Dec 27 17:50:14 CST 2023, time=2023-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=上海)]
Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map