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超声造影诊断搭桥人工血管狭窄1例

2019-08-25 张少云 王静 宋越 临床超声医学杂志

患者女,62岁,因“右下肢肿胀2个月余”入院。患者8年前因双侧髂总动脉和髂外动脉硬化闭塞行“左腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术”。2个月前无明显诱因出现右下肢肿胀伴疼痛,步行后加剧。

患者女,62岁,因“右下肢肿胀2个月余”入院。患者8年前因双侧髂总动脉和髂外动脉硬化闭塞行“左腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术”。2个月前无明显诱因出现右下肢肿胀伴疼痛,步行后加剧。
 
体格检查:右下肢肿胀,软组织张力高,右腘窝压痛(+)。超声检查:左侧腹壁内可探及一人工血管回声,自左侧腋动脉向下走行,至脐水平分出左、右两支分支,分别与左、右侧股动脉相吻合;其中右侧分支人工血管腔内似可见一大小14.7mm×4.2mm的不均质团状稍高回声,边界欠清晰,致该处人工血管管腔变窄;CDFI示上述人工血管及分支内可见蓝色下行搏动性动脉血流信号,峰值流速约50.0 cm/s。人工血管右侧分支内稍高团状回声处血流信号充盈缺损,缺损范围8.8mm×4.8mm,狭窄处血流明显加速,呈五彩镶嵌花色湍流信号,峰值流速约265.9 cm/s,狭窄近端血流速度明显减慢,峰值流速约34.7 cm/s。
 
超声造影:于左侧肘静脉团注声诺维造影剂1.0ml,12s后可见造影剂进入人工血管内,血管右侧分支内见造影剂充盈缺损,范围8.5mm×5.0mm,该处管腔明显狭窄,面积狭窄率约90%(图1)。



图1 超声造影示人工血管右侧分支内见造影剂充盈缺损,范围8.5mm×5.0mm(“+”处),该处管腔明显狭窄,面积狭窄率约90%
 
超声造影提示:左腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术后人工血管右侧分支血栓形成,致管腔狭窄,面积狭窄率约90%。后行CTA检查:搭桥人工血管管壁弥漫性增厚,右侧分支管腔局部重度狭窄,狭窄率约80%~90%;DSA检查示桥血管右侧远段管腔狭窄(图2)。



图2 DSA示左腋动脉-双股动脉搭桥人工血管右侧远段管腔狭窄
 
讨论:
 
下肢动脉硬化性闭塞是血管外科常见疾病之一,当患者肢体缺血出现静息痛、溃疡或坏疽时,需行动脉搭桥手术。目前动脉搭桥手术主要有两类:自体大隐静脉旁路术和人工血管旁路术。人工血管腔内因血流量低、血流速度慢及血小板聚集等因素可造成术后人工血管内血栓形成和吻合口内膜增生,致人工血管狭窄或闭塞。
 
常规超声可观测人工血管的走行、血管结构及其内血栓形成情况、部位、范围、大小,判断狭窄程度,分段测量血管内径(横切面);彩色多普勒可观察人工血管内的血流情况,有无五彩镶嵌血流出现,以及有无血流中断现象;频谱多普勒可观察血流频谱形态,测量血流速度和阻力指数等指标。本例患者人工血管常规超声图像表现为长轴切面人工血管壁呈三层结构,内外层两条线样强回声及其间的低回声结构,横切面人工血管壁呈同心圆样结构;CDFI示人工血管狭窄处的血流信号充盈缺损,血流束变细,彩色血流信号为五彩镶嵌的花色血流;频谱多普勒示狭窄处血流速度明显加速,而近狭窄处及狭窄远端血流速度则明显减低。
 
常规超声诊断人工血管内血栓存在以下缺陷:①因受人工血管管壁伪像和彩色血流信号外溢影响,血栓范围测量存在误差;②部分患者人工血管存在多节段狭窄,血管远端血流速度较慢,CDFI对低速血流敏感性差,易误诊为血管闭塞;③CDFI因受角度影响,狭窄处或狭窄前血流信号部分遗失,易低估患者狭窄程度;④在血管位置深、多普勒信号弱时,CDFI检查的敏感性和准确性下降。超声造影能够很好地弥补上述缺陷,注射造影剂后能清晰显示人工血管的轮廓和血管连续性,并准确显示管腔狭窄区域和狭窄程度。本例患者常规超声测量人工血管内血栓范围约14.7mm×4.2mm,而超声造影测量血栓范围约8.5mm×5.0mm(后经CTA证实)。
 
综上所述,超声造影检查人工血管内血栓形成是一种安全、无创、较准确的影像学诊断方法,可对术后人工血管定期复查。
 
原始出处:

张少云,王静,宋越,杨亚利,郑毅.超声造影诊断搭桥人工血管狭窄1例[J].临床超声医学杂志,2018(04):279+282.

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