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临床经验:高血压性肾脏病,这些你要GET!

2017-03-18 李青 李青大夫

与高血压相关的心、脑、肾疾病已经成为我国居民最主要的死亡原因。和心、脑损伤相比,肾脏受损后常常没有明显的症状,所以肾脏病经常被忽视。由高血压导致的肾脏病称高血压性肾脏病,是导致终末期肾脏病(尿毒症)的重要原因,据美国统计,在导致尿毒症的病因中,高血压性肾脏病约占28.4%,仅次于糖尿病肾病占第二位。而我国的相应数据为17%(来自于侯凡凡院士的统计),紧随肾小球肾炎和糖尿病肾病之后占到第三位。高血压



高血压相关的心、脑、肾疾病已经成为我国居民最主要的死亡原因。和心、脑损伤相比,肾脏受损后常常没有明显的症状,所以肾脏病经常被忽视。

高血压导致的肾脏病称高血压性肾脏病,是导致终末期肾脏病(尿毒症)的重要原因,据美国统计,在导致尿毒症的病因中,高血压性肾脏病约占28.4%,仅次于糖尿病肾病占第二位。而我国的相应数据为17%(来自于侯凡凡院士的统计),紧随肾小球肾炎和糖尿病肾病之后占到第三位。

高血压对肾脏主要损害肾小球和肾小管,一般而言,久不控制的高血压,5年时间就会出现肾损伤。肾小管对缺血最敏感,所以高血压性肾脏病最早出现肾小管浓缩功能障碍,临床表现为夜尿增多,晚上总起夜。夜间(晚8点至早8点)尿量超过全天尿量的1/3即为夜尿增多。夜尿增多是高血压性肾脏病早期特征性症状,但遗憾的是常常被忽视。

如果病情持续发展,一半以上的肾小球发生硬化,血肌酐就会升高,意味着肾脏受损到比较严重的程度。高血压性肾脏病也有蛋白尿,但尿蛋白定量一般不超过1g/天,可以出现血尿。此外,视网膜动脉和肾小球病变相一致,所以,高血压性肾脏病还常常伴有视网膜动脉硬化。

常见的肾脏病,比如肾小球肾炎、糖尿病肾病等,大都是先出现蛋白尿,然后再出现血肌酐升高。而高血压性肾脏病比较另类,许多患者直到血肌酐升高了尿蛋白都可能正常。这种另类的表现更加重了它的隐蔽性。

控制血压是对高血压性肾脏病最好的治疗。普通高血压患者,血压的控制目标是140/90mmHg以下,而高血压性肾脏病,为了肾脏保护,血压的控制目标更加严格,一般130/80mmHg以下,这就需要联合用药。

首选的降压药为对肾脏有保护作用的普利类或者沙坦类降压药(二者只能选其一),而且往往需要2倍以上的剂量,同时联合长效地平类降压药。此外,根据高血压的原因或者其他器官的损伤情况,再联合使用其他降压药。比如,容量依赖性高血压用氢氯噻嗪,原发性醛固酮增多症导致的继发性高血压用螺内酯,出现心脏并发症的用β受体阻断剂等。

早期降压并控制达标是高血压性肾脏病预防的关键。

5年以上的高血压,如果出现下列情况,高度怀疑高血压性肾脏病。但应注意,一些患者不查体,高血压病史可能不准确。

1、夜尿增多;

2、少量蛋白尿;

3、视网膜动脉硬化;

4、能排除其他的肾脏病。

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    2017-04-27 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2017-04-26 laymankey

    感谢分享一下!

    0

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    2017-03-19 飛歌

    学习了,很有用

    0

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纵向研究的证据报道了阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)和高血压之间相关性的矛盾结果。此前对Vitoria睡眠队列的分析中,有研究评估了OSA与发生高血压的风险之间的关系,并且在调整混杂因素后没有发现两者之间存在独立的关联。近期,一项发表在杂志CHEST上的研究进行进一步分析,以评估基于性别差异的OSA与2级高血压(收缩压≥160 mmHg和/或舒张压≥100 mmHg)之间的关系。此项研究对中年一般人群

Hypertension:妊娠并发症与将来发生高血压风险的关联

妊娠能增加心血管病的风险,但妊娠与高血压或血压之间是否有关联仍然未知。该研究联系瑞典北部瑞典医学生育登记中心,获取韦斯特伯顿干预项目数据,在15896名年龄在40岁、有怀孕史、没有孕前高血压的女性中,分析其妊娠史中与高血压或血压有关的妊娠因素。妊娠因素包括:分娩、头胎年龄、先兆子癫、妊娠糖尿病、胎盘早剥、体重小于出生体重的第三百分位数的最短胎龄儿、死胎等。

孕期请补叶酸:保护胎儿免于高血压

2017 年 3 月 8 日星期三报道,如果母亲有心脏病危险因素,怀孕期间的高叶酸水平可能会降低儿童的高血压风险。“我们的研究进一步证明了高血压可起源于的生命早期,”来自波士顿大学的儿科医生王晓滨博士说。该研究于 3 月 8 日在美国高血压杂志上发表。“我们的发现可能对提高早期风险评估和早期风险评估和干预在怀孕前和怀孕期间带来新的方法,以防止高血压及其传给后代的后果,”王博士在一个杂志新闻稿中说。

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