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不管你是不是感控人,这个“膜”你都要懂!

2018-01-09 吴怀英 张波 SIFIC感染官微

开启抱团模式:细菌生物膜(biofilm,BF)是为了适应生存环境而粘附在生物体或者非生物体表面,自身分泌的细胞外基质将细菌群包裹在内而形成。是区别于游离细菌的另一种常见生存模式。



咦!这不是米饭吗?

——小编上幼儿园的儿子看后如此说道

NO!这是细菌生物膜

——且跟小编一起来揭开这层防卫的外衣

简说生物膜

1.开启抱团模式:细菌生物膜(biofilm,BF)是为了适应生存环境而粘附在生物体或者非生物体表面,自身分泌的细胞外基质将细菌群包裹在内而形成。是区别于游离细菌的另一种常见生存模式。

2.自建三维立体铠甲:细菌生物膜形成过程是细菌与材料表面接触附着,在材料表面形成菌落,菌落生长包埋于胞外脂多糖基质中,由菌体和自身分泌的胞外基质如胞外多糖、脂蛋白、纤维蛋白等而组成的具有三维立体结构的膜样物。

当然有关系了。

看看你家的长期抽水管,水管内布满一块块绿栩栩的东西,那就是细菌生物膜,所以,你还认为与你无关吗?你喝的是水还是“菌汤”啊?

同时,生物膜广泛分布于自然界中,如土壤,河流中的石头或植物根部,工业材料(尤其是输水系统),航运领域等。近年来,细菌生物膜越来越受到人们的关注,它带来的困扰涉及诸多方面,如临床治疗、食品卫生、石油化工等,其结构复杂,难以根除是造成这些问题的主要原因。目前还没有能抑制细菌生物膜的有效手段。

生物膜对临床工作的影响

言归正传,而对于医疗机构来说,生物膜更是给临床带来了很大的困难。主要表现在以下方面:

诊疗方面

细菌生物膜( BBF) 的形成,导致细菌膜的通透性下降,膜通透性下降是细菌多药耐药菌的机制之一。

与浮游细菌相比,生物膜细菌对抗生素的抗性可提高10-1000倍。同时,生物膜细菌通过屏障作用、群体感应系统、抗免疫清除机制、特殊的生长特性及独特的微环境、生物膜耐药基因开启等机制形成耐药,造成临床耐药菌株增多,给临床治疗带来严重困难。所以,要求临床在选择抗菌药治疗时需要个性化选用原则。

另外,生物膜细菌可利用多种方式对抗机体免疫防御机制,如减少细胞因子的产生或酶解细胞因子;抵抗单核巨噬细胞的趋化作用;还可刺激机体产生抗体,但这些抗体不仅难以灭杀BF内部的细菌,而且可在BF表面形成免疫复合物,损伤周围的机体组织;诱导的补体转化和中性粒细胞呼吸明显下降。

腔镜方面

内镜的生物膜的去除,是腔镜室洗消人员比较头痛的事,为了提高清洗效果,除了选购有效去除生物膜的酶类清洗剂外,对使用后的镜子的预处理的及时性,也是降低生物膜出现的一项有效措施。

复用器械方面

近年来,随着精密、复杂医疗器械逐步增多,各种导管、起搏器、人工瓣膜、植入物、透析技术及内镜等医用生物材料也得到广泛应用,因细菌黏附于生物材料表面形成生物膜而导致以生物材料为中心的感染) 日益严重.生物膜的存在使得细菌可抵抗清洗与消毒的作用,造成生物材料清洗和消毒的失败,成为医院感染的潜在因素。故医疗机构越来越关注清洗质量的效果监督,因为只有合格的清洗,才会有合格的灭菌。

生物膜是如何形成的?

生物膜的形成是一个连续的过程,分为 4个阶段,即:

1.细菌的黏附期;

2.细菌微菌落的形成;

3.生物被膜成熟期;

4.生物被膜散播期。

生物膜一旦形成,则难以去除,并在“使用——再处理——使用”循环过程中逐渐累积,当生物膜积累到一定厚度,消毒及灭菌程序均难以杀灭包裹于其中的细菌。生物膜对外环境的变化(如温度、营养物质、渗透压、pH值、杀菌剂作用)具有特殊的抵抗力,在大量常态细菌死亡后仍能存活,并且保证菌群能够继续传代繁衍。

日常生活中哪些情况下易产生生物膜?

洗衣机及洗衣机管道

物体表面:厨房、浴室表面、洗手间

供水系统:桶装水及自动吸水烧水管路、饮水机

慢性病伤口:糖尿病性溃疡、耳道感染、囊肿性纤维化

日常生活中预防生物膜产生的方法有哪些?

加热

保持干燥:厨房、洗手间等台面及时清洁保持干燥;不用的管道及时控干保存

洗衣机、饮水机定时清洗、消毒

文献报道生物膜可以耐受80 ℃甚至更高温度的水洗,所以说你喝的“菌汤”一定要煮熟,不然你可能会被铜绿假单胞菌、军团菌、非结核分枝杆菌等水源性病原体感染哟。

细菌生物膜,你了解了吗?

参考文献:

1.刘娟娟,宋毅斐,刘健. 生物被膜在临床感染性疾病中的研究进展[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志. 2010,20(4) : 598-600.

2.倪语星,尚红. 临床微生物学与检验[M]. 人民卫生出版社,2009,12:533.

3.Hanke ML,Kielian T. Deciphering mechanisms ofstaphylococcal biofilm evasion of host immunity[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol,2012,2: 62.

4.《细菌生物膜增加细菌致病性的机制》—细菌之家

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    2018-01-11 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.继续关注

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=277405, encodeId=464a2e7405f5, content=学习学习.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jan 11 06:44:13 CST 2018, time=2018-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=277074, encodeId=20e92e707440, content=感控人的膜., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Jan 10 07:09:44 CST 2018, time=2018-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276822, encodeId=cedc2e6822e1, content=学习了新知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:32:07 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276806, encodeId=26da2e6806d3, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:03:17 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276795, encodeId=405e2e679525, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAXaDEiaxhu025c3P0XshccTrbvGWBjKvnHIxbK3vqa80P7WGIFuicCFet97TicrNKpgB3TdabxP1vMh/0, createdBy=28851960965, createdName=榄枷檬, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:19:29 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-10 jyzxjiangqin

    感控人的膜.

    0

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    2018-01-09 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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    2018-01-09 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2018-01-09 榄枷檬

    学习学习

    0

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