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Int J Cardiol:Fontan术后房性心律失常引起大块血栓

2013-05-03 Int J Cardiol dxy

Fontan手术常用于解剖性或功能性单心室的儿科病人,通过手术让静脉血流绕过单心室直接进入肺动脉。其中最常见的形式是心房肺动脉吻合,即连接右心房和肺动脉,这种情况下,右心房压力会升高,从而引起心房扩张并损伤窦房结或引起窦房结血液供应障碍,最终导致阵发性或持续性心律失常。Fontan手术人群中房性心动过速和心房颤动屡见不鲜,加重右心房中本已流速缓慢的血液湍流,并促进血栓的生成,增加血栓栓塞的风险。

Fontan手术常用于解剖性或功能性单心室的儿科病人,通过手术让静脉血流绕过单心室直接进入肺动脉。其中最常见的形式是心房肺动脉吻合,即连接右心房和肺动脉,这种情况下,右心房压力会升高,从而引起心房扩张并损伤窦房结或引起窦房结血液供应障碍,最终导致阵发性或持续性心律失常。Fontan手术人群中房性心动过速和心房颤动屡见不鲜,加重右心房中本已流速缓慢的血液湍流,并促进血栓的生成,增加血栓栓塞的风险。

本文报道一例25周岁左心室双入口的男性患者,患者5岁时接受过Fontan手术(心房肺动脉吻合)。术后几年中,虽然没有症状,但患者一直伴有持续性心房扑动(sustained atrial flutter),并于两年前发展为心房颤动。患者未发展为心房颤动时,经胸超声心动图发现右心房血栓(图1A)(视频1),随后开始华法林抗凝治疗,但由于华法林引起患者反复发生胃肠道出血,继而转为低剂量阿司匹林治疗(37.5-50mg/日)。两年后心脏磁共振成像发现血栓增大到100.4 mm ×52.8 mm ×70.0 mm(图1B)(视频2)。患者血栓的不均匀性提示,右心房血流缓慢引起了多层凝块并列。尽管血栓体积较大,但从上腔静脉和下腔静脉到右心房、心房肺动脉连接处和肺动脉(PA)的血流并未受阻(图1C)。从左侧位观察血栓在肥大右心房前方的位置效果更好(图1D)。并且,虽然血栓存在时间较长,且体积较大,但患者并未发生任何血栓栓塞事件。

患者这一罕见的大型血栓是Fontan术后的一种极端后遗症,由肥大右心房中流速缓慢的血液湍流和长期持续性心房颤动引起的心房强力收缩(atrial kick)的减少而造成。尽管全腔静脉肺动脉连接术(TCPC)能减少室上性心律失常的发生率,但其引起血栓栓塞事件的风险与心房肺动脉吻合术相近。Fontan术后患者应接受阿司匹林治疗还是抗凝治疗尚有争议,不过,在伴有大幅心房扩张、心房颤动或右向左分流的情况下,推荐接受长期抗凝治疗以预防血栓栓塞事件。

英国皇家普鲁顿NIHR心血管生物医学研究中心、Harefield NHS信托基金和伦敦大学帝国理工学院支持了该项目。该报告由英国国家健康研究所生物医学研究中心资助计划独立研究完成。文中观点仅代表作者个人,不代表NHS和英国国家健康研究所或卫生部意见。
心律失常相关的拓展阅读:


Atrial arrhythmia after Fontan surgery leads to giant thrombus: Opening Pandora's box.

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