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CSMO 2014:朱军教授谈抗CD19 CART细胞在B细胞淋巴瘤中的临床应用

2014-07-07 北京大学肿瘤医院淋巴瘤科 朱军 医学论坛网

非霍奇金淋巴瘤是一类起源于B细胞或T细胞的淋巴系统恶性肿瘤,其中B细胞来源的淋巴瘤约占60-70%。尽管以利妥昔单抗为代表的单克隆抗体使B细胞淋巴瘤的预后有了很大改善,但仍有部分患者会复发耐药。GELA LNH-98.5研究随访10年的结果提示,弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)患者一线接受R-CHOP方案治疗后约40%的患者会复发。而B细胞淋巴瘤中第二常见的滤泡淋巴瘤(FL)至今多数

非霍奇金淋巴瘤是一类起源于B细胞或T细胞的淋巴系统恶性肿瘤,其中B细胞来源的淋巴瘤约占60-70%。尽管以利妥昔单抗为代表的单克隆抗体使B细胞淋巴瘤的预后有了很大改善,但仍有部分患者会复发耐药。GELA LNH-98.5研究随访10年的结果提示,弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)患者一线接受R-CHOP方案治疗后约40%的患者会复发。而B细胞淋巴瘤中第二常见的滤泡淋巴瘤(FL)至今多数仍不能治愈。即便在FL的诱导和维持治疗中加入了利妥昔单抗,中位随访至36个月时,仍有约30%的患者病情进展。因此,对于复发难治的B细胞淋巴瘤(B-NHL)患者迫切需要探索新的治疗方法。

1.1、什么是嵌合抗原受体T(CAR T)细胞

嵌合型抗原受体基因修饰的T细胞(Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells, CAR T)是通过基因修饰的手段,使能特异性识别靶抗原的单克隆抗体的单链可变区(scFv)表达在T细胞表面,同时scFv通过跨膜区与人工设计的T细胞胞内的活化增殖信号域相耦连。这样,单克隆抗体对靶抗原的特异性识别与T细胞的功能相结合,产生特异性的杀伤作用,而且CART能够以非MHC限制性的方式杀伤靶细胞。因B-NHL的肿瘤细胞表面常稳定表达CD19分子,这就为免疫治疗提供了靶点。目前,靶向CD19分子的CART治疗B系肿瘤的临床试验显示出良好的应用前景。

1.2、CAR T细胞在B细胞肿瘤中的应用研究

2010年来自NCI的Kochenderfer首次报道了抗CD19 CAR T细胞成功治疗复发难治FL的病例,患者接受抗CD19 CAR T细胞治疗后获得明显缓解且持续超过32周,观察到治疗后第36周骨髓中仍检测不到CD19+细胞 。2012年Kochenderfer报道了更大样本量的研究结果。8例复发难治B-NHL患者接受CAR T细胞治疗,包括3例FL,4例慢性B细胞白血病(CLL),1例脾边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤(SMZL)。8例患者中6例有效,1例完全缓解(CR),5例部分缓解(PR),1例病情稳定(SD)。所有患者的血液中都能检测到含有抗CD19 CAR基因的细胞。2013年的ASH会议上Kochenderfer报道了到目前为止CAR T细胞在淋巴瘤治疗中最大样本量的研究。14例复发难治B-NHL患者接受治疗,其中8例原发纵隔大B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBCL)或DLBCL,4例CLL,1例SMZL,1例惰性B-NHL。8例PMBCL或DLBCL中有5例在细胞治疗后达到CR或PR。

除了来自NCI的CAR T细胞治疗取得较好疗效之外,来自Pennsylvania大学的CAR T细胞治疗也取得较好疗效。3例化疗耐药的CLL患者接受CAR T细胞治疗。这3例患者既往曾接受多种方案化疗或生物治疗,其中2例患者为del(17)(p13)。结果3例患者中有2例疗效达到CR,另1例PR。2013年ASH会议上Pennsylvania大学再次报道了他们的最新研究结果。14例复发难治CLL患者接受CAR T细胞治疗。8例患者有效(有效率57%),其中3例患者达到CR(分别随访11,34和35个月),且均未复发。5例患者达到PR(中位随访11个月),其中2例在输注细胞后4个月出现复发。

北京大学肿瘤医院淋巴瘤科自2014年1月至5月共治疗了4例复发难治B细胞淋巴瘤患者。男性3例,女性1例。中位年龄34岁(25-38岁)。包括2例Burkitt淋巴瘤,1例DLBCL,1例FL。所有患者均经过病理组织学免疫组化证实为CD19阳性。输注细胞前1例患者接受福达拉滨,3例接受福达拉滨联合环磷酰胺去除体内淋巴细胞。输注抗CD19 CAR T细胞的中位数为:1.81×108 (1.3-6.3×108)。治疗后3例患者达到CR,1例SD。3例达到CR的患者第10-12天在血液中均检测到CAR T细胞体内增殖的峰值,并伴有细胞因子IL-6和γ-IFN的释放。其中1例患者由于细胞因子释放产生严重不良反应(厌食、恶心、呕吐、高热、低血压),但经过积极治疗后恢复。

国外及我科的研究结果都提示自体抗CD19 CAR T细胞可能是复发难治B-NHL的一种有效的治疗方法。2013年12月《自然》杂志回顾本年度科学领域所取得的十大进展时,肿瘤免疫治疗位列其首,尤其强调CAR T为肿瘤患者带来的希望。

1.3、目前仍然存在的问题

CAR是一组融合蛋白,由多个部分组成,包括抗原识别区,跨膜区,T细胞刺激区。T细胞刺激区多数来源于T细胞受体复合物的胞内部分CD3ζ。另外,为了增加CAR T细胞在体内的抗肿瘤活性以及肿瘤抗原特异性的细胞因子的产生,新一代的CAR组成中加入了共刺激区,一般为CD28或CD137(4-1BB)。任何一个部分都能影响细胞功能。尤其是共刺激区CD28或CD137的加入,使CAR T细胞在体内增殖及抗肿瘤活性明显增强。但哪一种共刺激分子效果更好仍有待进一步研究证实。而不同的基因载体也会影响到CAR T细胞功能,目前正在使用的载体有γ反转录病毒、慢病毒、质粒等。

多个研究已经证实患者在输注细胞前接受化放疗去除淋巴细胞能够增强CAR T细胞的抗肿瘤活性。此方法的机制包括降低体内的调节性T细胞数量,以及增加细胞因子IL-15和IL-7的水平。但是输注细胞前淋巴细胞被去除到什么程度,以及最佳的化疗和放疗方案到目前都没有定论。目前应用较多的药物包括氟达拉滨,环磷酰胺,苯达莫司汀,喷司他汀,利妥昔单抗等。当然,也有研究没有使用预处理方案。另外,为了促进CAR T细胞增殖及抗肿瘤活性,输注细胞后可以皮下给予IL-2。但IL-2除了能够增加CAR T细胞功能以外,还能够促进Treg细胞的活性。因此,IL-2的作用也存在争议。

已有的报道中,CAR T细胞输注的数量变化范围较大,105-107/kg。2013年ASH会议上Pennsylvania大学还报道了一项2期研究的结果,目的是评价CAR T细胞发挥抗肿瘤作用的最佳细胞数量。10例复发难治CLL患者接受CAR T细胞治疗,其中4例接受高数量CAR T细胞(总数5×108)治疗,6例接受低数量CAR T细胞(总数5×107)治疗。中位随访3个月,两组患者无论是有效率还是毒副反应均无明显差别。这可能与CAR T细胞进入体内后能够大量增殖有关,但如何以最少的细胞数量获得最佳疗效需要更多研究证实。

输注细胞后面临的一个非常重要的问题是如何预防和处理治疗相关不良事件。包括发热、乏力、恶心、肌肉酸痛、低氧血症、低血压、谵妄、肾功能衰竭等。这些不良事件被认为与细胞因子IL-6,γ-IFN,TNF,IL-2R等的释放有关。目前降低这些毒性的措施包括调整细胞培养方法,使CAR T细胞在作用过程中产生更少的细胞因子。或者在输注细胞后使用药物如激素或者IL-6受体拮抗剂(Tocilizumab)来阻断细胞因子的作用。还有一种方法是给CAR T细胞导入自杀基因,当急性毒性发生时可以启动自杀基因。另外,CD19抗原除了表达于多数B细胞肿瘤表面以外,还表达于成熟B细胞,前体B细胞和浆细胞表面。因此,抗CD19 CAR T细胞起效后会使部分患者出现低免疫球蛋白血症,需要通过补充免疫球蛋白维持正常水平。新技术的应用使CAR T细胞在体内外的增殖活性越来越强,甚至以抗原非依赖的形式增殖。这种形式的增殖带来的问题是CAR T细胞可能在体内永生化甚至产生新的肿瘤。自杀基因导入可能能够解决这一问题 。

总之,CAR T细胞的出现使淋巴瘤细胞免疫治疗进入一个新阶段。其在复发难治B细胞淋巴瘤患者中表现出来的高效为患者带来新希望。但我们也应该正视其存在的诸多问题,相信随着实验室技术的改进及更多临床数据的出现,这些问题都能够得到妥善解决。CAR T细胞未来会在淋巴瘤的治疗中得到越来越广泛的应用,并有可能会改变目前淋巴瘤的治疗模式。

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    2014-12-03 liuhuangbo
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    2014-07-09 zhaojie88
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    2014-07-09 dingxiaobo
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