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Cell Rep: 细胞受体Mxra8促进致关节炎类甲病毒的致病性

2019-09-04 BioArt BioArt

由蚊子传播的基孔肯雅病毒(chikungunya virus,CHIKV)是披膜病毒科(Togaviridae)甲病毒属(Alphavirus)的成员,可引发严重的关节炎。甲病毒属成员主要分为两大类:一类可致关节炎(arthritogenic)如基孔肯雅病毒;另一类可致脑炎(encephalitic)如委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒(VEEV)等。致关节炎类病毒主要靶向感染关节等组织。基孔肯雅病毒作为致关节炎

由蚊子传播的基孔肯雅病毒(chikungunya virus,CHIKV)是披膜病毒科(Togaviridae)甲病毒属(Alphavirus)的成员,可引发严重的关节炎。甲病毒属成员主要分为两大类:一类可致关节炎(arthritogenic)如基孔肯雅病毒;另一类可致脑炎(encephalitic)如委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒(VEEV)等。致关节炎类病毒主要靶向感染关节等组织。基孔肯雅病毒作为致关节炎类甲病毒的重要成员,感染人后,超过95% 的病人会出现关节痛或者关节炎,其中又有约30-40%的病人会发展成慢性的与内风湿性关节炎相似的症状,并将持续数月乃至数年,造成骨质疏松和关节损伤,严重影响病人的工作和生活质量。该病毒已在全球70多个国家爆发流行,并呈进一步传播态势,防控形势严峻。对于该病毒感染的防治,目前除了对症治疗缓解病情,仍无有效的疫苗或抗病毒药物。

对于致关节炎类甲病毒为什么会特异性的靶向感染关节和肌肉组织并造成关节炎,病毒学家们一直在努力寻找答案。病毒入侵宿主的第一步是病毒结合位于细胞表面的受体,这常决定了病毒感染的组织细胞嗜性以及跨物种传播。基孔肯雅病毒颗粒上的结构蛋白E2是结合各类细胞表面上的吸附分子、入胞受体、主导病毒入侵的重要糖蛋白,推测其结构域A和B是结合受体的主要区域。目前,关于基孔肯雅病毒的吸附分子和入胞受体的研究,已有许多发现:如线粒体抗增殖蛋白(Prohibitin,PHB) 、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子-1(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1,TIM-1) 、糖胺聚糖(Glycosaminoglycan,GAGs)等,这些宿主因子虽证明对病毒的吸附有增强作用,但对介导病毒入胞仍有待确定。其它报道过的潜在的吸附和入胞宿主因子包括:如在蚊子细胞上对基孔肯雅病毒入胞有作用的ATP Synthase β Subunit (ATPSβ) ,但是它并没在哺乳细胞上得到有力验证;αV integrin (ITGAV) and β1 integrin (ITGB1) 二聚体 和热激活蛋白HSP60(Heat Shock Protein 60)均没有得到实验支持。

2018年5月,来自美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院的Diamond教授团队(第一作者为张荣博士)在Nature发表文章,利用基于CRISPR/Cas9的全基因组水平筛选,首次鉴定发现并系统的证明了基质重塑相关蛋白8(Matrix Remodeling Associated 8,Mxra8)是致关节炎类甲病毒如基孔肯雅病毒的一种哺乳细胞侵入受体,这是迄今研究较为明确的一个入胞受体。今年6月,该团队以及中国疾控中心的高福院士团队在Cell杂志背靠背发表文章,分别揭示了该蛋白的电镜与晶体结构,进一步阐明了其功能发挥的基础(详见BioArt报道:背靠背Cell | 高福团队等破解基孔肯雅病毒入侵机制)。

2019年9月3日,Diamond教授团队(第一作者为张荣博士,现已任职复旦大学上海医学院)在Cell Reports杂志上发表后续研究Expression of the Mxra8 Receptor Promotes Alphavirus Infection and Pathogenesis in Drosophila,在体内探究了该受体与致病性的关系。

通过构建了Mxra8缺失的小鼠,实验证明它对一类致关节炎类甲病毒如chikungunya,Ross River,Mayaro 和 O’nyong nyong 等病毒的致病性相关。基因缺失后,感染的关节组织的病毒载量、关节的肿胀、炎性细胞浸润和促炎症因子的产生等都显着降低;同时,在体内证明了囊膜蛋白E2的D71位点与受体介导的致病性有关联,因为这个位点的突变影响了与受体的结合;通过构建Mxra8转基因果蝇,基孔肯雅病毒对果蝇的致死率以及病毒增殖都显着增强。这样,从基因缺失与基因敲入两个方面在体内证明了细胞受体Mxra8能促进病毒的致病性。

当然,值得注意的是,受体Mxra8的缺失并不能完全阻断病毒的感染,在关节组织中仍然能检测到较高的病毒滴度,提示了病毒存在其它的替代入胞受体或者途径。

该文章的第一作者也是细胞受体Mxra8的发现者张荣博士,目前已回到复旦大学上海医学院教育部/卫健委/医科院医学分子病毒学重点实验,正在开展相关研究的后续工作,其课题组主要从事病毒的组织细胞嗜性与跨物种传播研究。

原文出处:
RongZhang15,James T.Earnest1,Arthur S.Kim123,et al.Expression of the Mxra8 Receptor Promotes Alphavirus Infection and Pathogenesis in Mice and Drosophila.Cell Reports.Volume 28, Issue 10, 3 September 2019, Pages 2647-2658.e5https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.105

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    2019-12-10 cnxcy
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    2020-01-08 维他命
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    2019-09-06 lmm397

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