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误诊为动脉瘤样骨囊肿的髌骨软骨母细胞瘤1例

2019-12-11 钟礼伦 牛维 郭达 实用骨科杂志

髌骨软骨母细胞瘤是临床上较罕见的原发性骨肿瘤,仅通过临床症状及影像学表现较难确诊,常与动脉瘤样骨囊肿相混淆。在治疗上则二者类似,使用病灶刮除植骨术均可以取得较好疗效。

髌骨软骨母细胞瘤是临床上较罕见的原发性骨肿瘤,仅通过临床症状及影像学表现较难确诊,常与动脉瘤样骨囊肿相混淆。在治疗上则二者类似,使用病灶刮除植骨术均可以取得较好疗效。

病例资料

28岁男性患者,因“右膝疼痛伴活动受限1年,加重2周”于2016年8月16日入院。患者诉1年前因外伤出现右侧膝关节疼痛,当时无肢体麻木,不伴活动受限,故未做特殊处理,后右膝反复疼痛,逐渐出现右膝活动受限,2周前患者右膝疼痛较前加重,剧烈活动及上下楼梯时疼痛明显,遂到我院门诊就诊,查右膝关节DR提示髌骨下部病灶,考虑良性病变,动脉瘤样骨囊肿可能(见图1)。经门诊医师建议,患者进一步行MRI检查提示:a)右侧髌骨膨胀性骨质破坏,考虑良性骨肿瘤或肿瘤样病变,动脉瘤样骨囊肿可能;b)髌下脂肪缺轻微水肿;c)右膝内侧半月板后角变性损伤(Ⅱ度);d)右膝关节腔少量积液(见图2)。故本院以“右侧髌骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿”将患者收入院治疗。







患者既往体健,否认高血压糖尿病、冠心病、类风湿、红斑狼疮等病史。查体:双下肢等长,右膝皮温、皮肤颜色正常,无明显压痛,局部皮肤无溃破。右膝活动10°~110°,右侧髌骨研磨试验(+),右侧麦氏征(±),右浮髌试验(-),双侧抽屉试验(-),双侧侧方应力试验(-)。双下肢肌力、肌张力及感觉正常,生理反射存,病理征未引出。双直腿抬高试验阴性。入院后完善三大常规、生化、血、凝血、输血、血沉、风湿三项及术前常规等检查均未见明显异常。诊断:动脉瘤样骨囊肿。

于2016年8月17日行右髌骨病损切除植骨内固定术。手术经过:麻醉生效后,取仰卧位,左髋部、右下肢常规消毒铺巾。取左侧髂前上棘切口,沿髂骨向后长约3CM。依次切开皮肤、皮下组织、用骨凿取体积1CM×2CM×3CM大小髂骨咬碎备用;取右膝关节直切口,长约6CM。依次切开皮肤、皮下组织、髌骨支持带,暴露右侧髌骨。然后翻转髌骨,暴露髌骨下缘,见局部滑膜增生、变性,咬除髌骨下极,直径约0.5CM,用刮勺刮除髌骨内部病灶并送检;然后用95%的酒精灭活,反复冲洗,将取出髂骨碎块填入空腔内,打压填实,打入大小约1.0CM×0.5CM的髂骨,冲洗术口,分层缝合,关闭术口。

术后患者术口干洁,无渗出,无红肿疼痛及其他不适,术后DR提示髌骨病灶植骨充分(见图3),于2016年8月22日出院,嘱患者使用支具免负重活动2个月,加强功能锻炼,定期复查。术后病理回报为髌骨软骨母细胞瘤(见图4)。术后1年余患者门诊复查DR提示植骨区新骨生成(见图5),功能恢复良好,手术取得较好疗效。

讨  论

逐步加剧的膝前区疼痛是大部分髌骨肿瘤的首个或主要症状之一,疼痛多为持续或间断的隐痛,会于行走、下蹲等活动后加剧。软骨母细胞瘤为少见的原发性骨肿瘤,青年男性多见。软骨母细胞瘤可在软骨内骨化的任一骨中形成,般形成于膝、肩关节的长骨骨骺端,可生长至软骨下骨,但不多见于关节间隙,在髌骨上则极为罕见。对考虑为髌骨肿瘤者,应行患侧膝关节正侧位及髌骨轴位X线检查。髌骨内有单发的界限清晰、类圆形或不规则的溶骨性骨破坏区是典型的髌骨软骨母细胞瘤X线表现。

软骨母细胞瘤在磁共振上的表现特异性不高,典型表现为T1W1不均匀低信号,T2W1中等到高混杂信号,伴或不伴分叶。韩宏声通过对比36例软骨母细胞瘤患者的CT与MRI表现,认为CT对比MRI能更好地显示病变部位边缘硬化及其内的钙化,对病灶内细小沙粒状钙化的检出优势较大,而MRI则可以清晰病变范围及病理特点,对髓内水肿显示优于CT。软骨母细胞瘤易误诊为其他疾病,如此病例中的动脉瘤样骨囊肿。动脉瘤样骨囊肿常表现为内有或粗或细的骨小梁状分隔或骨嵴的膨胀囊状破坏区,呈现出其外为薄骨壳的泡泡或蜂房形状。病灶不仅会横向生长,亦会沿骨长轴发展。牟任琪等人发现大部分动脉瘤样骨囊肿的CT和MRI图像存在液-液平面,即内部密度出现明显的分层,可作为鉴别诊断的一个特征。软骨母细胞瘤的病理标本多为灰白、松脆的组织,可伴沙石样钙化、血性囊内容物的囊变、出血坏死等。其显微镜下有3类成份:胚胎软骨母细胞、多核巨细胞和软骨基质,而呈“鸡笼样钙化”的软骨基质对本病诊断具有意义。

对于此疾病的治疗,通常病灶内刮除术可达到较好疗效,但存在复发和恶变的可能,边缘或广泛切除病灶不易复发,但可能引起更广泛的功能障碍。把握二者的平衡是骨科医生在手术时常思考的问题。在保证患肢功能的前提下尽量扩大病灶的切除范围可降低复发率。

原始出处:

钟礼伦,牛维,郭达.误诊为动脉瘤样骨囊肿的髌骨软骨母细胞瘤1例报道[J].实用骨科杂志,2019,25(11):1053-1054.

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    2019-12-13 zsyan
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